Tradition in an Untraditional Age

Overview

In the last two centuries Jewish thought has had to respond to dramatic events and transformations: the emergence of Jews into open societies, secularisation, assimilation and antisemitism, the Holocaust and the State of Israel.

These developments tested to the limits the continuity of Judaism. It seemed as if to embrace modernity was to abandon tradition; to preserve tradition was to reject modernity.

Tradition in an Untraditional Age explores these challenges through a study of the work of four great Jewish thinkers: Rabbis Samsaon Raphael Hirsch, Moses Sofer, Abraham Isaac Kook and Joseph Soloveitchik. It includes studies of the Holocaust, Jewish-Christian dialogue, Jewish economic ethics and religious alienation and return. It also sets out an agenda for future Jewish thought.

Index

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A

• Abarbanel, 157
  • on monarchy, 167
• Acculturation, 69
• Adler, Nathan Marcus, 7
• Aggadah, xxii
• Agnosticism, 49
• Agudat Yisrael, 66, 87, 116, 143
• Agus, Jacob, 32-34
• Ahad Ha-Am, 15
• AIDS, 164, 169
• Akiva, Rabbi, xx, 175, 204, 252
• Albo, Joseph, 267
• Alienation, 219-244
• Aliyah, 89
• Alkalai, Yehudah, 20-21, 93
• Altmann, Alexander, 14
• American Judaism, 85-86
• Amiel, Moshe Avigdor, 87
• Anarchism, religious, 247
• Anderton, James, 164
• Anomie, 72
• Anti-Zionism, 110
  • religious, 87, 141-143
• Anti-semitism, 21, 93, 109
• Arama, Isaac, 271
• Argument, xxii, 134
• Aristotle, 184, 249
• Arkush, Allan, 14
• Artscroll, 123
• Asceticism, 185
• Assimilation, 59, 62, 93, 111
• Auschwitz, 140, 142, 149, 150, 153, 154
• Autonomy, 100
• Avenarius, 36
• Aviad, Janet, 73, 87

B

• Ba'alei Teshuvah, 87, 123, 166
• Baal Shem Tov, 220
• Babel, 44, 161, 238
• Baeck, Leo, 267
• Baer, Yitzhak, 31, 157
• Bamberger, Rabbi Seligmann
• Baer, 6, 108, 123
• Ben Gurion, David 67
• Benamozegh, Elie, 178
• Berdyczewski, Micha, 22
• Berger, Peter, 4-5, 44, 54, 64, 104, 179
• Bergman, Samuel H., 32
• Bergson, Henri, 36, 291
• Berkovits, Eliezer, 114-115, 267
  • on Holocaust, 151-152
  • on Jewish-Christian dialogue, 162
• Berlin, Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehudah, 22-23, 32
  • on Orthodox secession, 23
• Bermant, Chaim, 164
• Bernays, Rabbi Isaac, 6-7
• Bernstein, Louis, 51
• Bettelheim, Bruno, 180
• Bialik, Chayyim Nachman, 15, 22, 36
• Biblical criticism, 35
• Bing, Rabbi Abraham, 7
• Birth rates, 75
• Blank, I. M., 178
• Blidstein, Gerald, 31, 179
• Bloch, Joseph, 180
• Bloom, Allan, 70
• Bloom, Maurice, 32
• Bnei Akiva, 88
• Body, needs of, 185
• Bokser, Ben Zion, 32, 33
• Borowitz, Eugene, 50, 136, 159, 279, 287-289
• Bosanquet, 37
• Bradley, 37
• Brentano, 297
• Breuer, Isaac, 16
• Breuer, Jacob, 14
• Breuer, Mordechai, 117
• Breuer, Solomon, 16, 116
• Buber, Martin, 53, 103, 220, 247-257, 267
  • and Jewish law, 247-255
  • and Judah Halevi, 249-251
  • and moral pantheism, 250-251
  • and Paul, 252-253
  • and revelation, 248
• Bulka, Reuven, 79, 104
• Butterworth, Charles, 54

C

• Cassutto, Umberto, 226-227
• Catastrophe, biblical responses to, 142
  • rabbinic responses to, 147
• 'Centrist' Orthodoxy, 95, 112, 115-121
• Chadash assur min ha-Torah, 63, 123
• Charedi Orthodoxy, 74-76, 99
• Charity, 185-187
  • institutions of, 193
• Chassidic group, 122-123
• Chassidic literature, 133
• Chassidic thought, 241, 247
• Chassidic movement, 64
• Chayyim of Zans, Rabbi, 205, 207
• Chibbat Zion, 23
• Choirs, synagogue, 63
• Chomsky, Noam, 232
• Christianity, 6, 27, 44
  • dialogue with Judaism, 161-181
• Civil Religion, 49, 166
• Cognitive pluralism, xiv, 290-292, 296-297
• Cohen, Arthur A., 15, 16
• Cohen, Hermann, 37, 261, 267, 269, 295
• Cohen, Steven M., 75, 104
• Cohen, Stuart, 31
• Cohn-Sherbock, Dan, xxiii
• Community, 5, 12
  • concept of, 223
  • in Jewish mysticism, 235-237
  • two types of, 42
• Compartmentalisation, 19, 131
• Concealment, Divine, 219
• Conflict, 44
• Consciousness, conflicts of, 107
• Conservative Judaism, xii, 67, 69, 76, 85
• Conversion, 59
• Covenant, 101, 154
• Covenantal Man, 42, 222-223, 277
• Creativity, 41
• Crusades, 148
• Cuddihy, John Murray, 17
• Culture, 60
• Cupitt, Don, 54

D

• Da'at Torah, 120
• Damascus Affair, 20
• Danziger, Shelomoh, 104
• Darkhei shalom, 131, 207
• Darwin, Charles, xii
• De-modernising consciousness, 166
• Death, 51, 264-265, 272-273
• Dependence, 185
• Derashah, 271
• Derekh eretz, 60-63, 69
• Descartes, 236
• Determinism, 207-208
• Deutscher, Isaac, 217
• Devekut, 240-242
• Dialectic, 39, 43
• Dialogue, Jewish-Christian, 161-181
  • Berkovits on, 162
  • Soloveitchik on, 162
  • two kinds of, 256
• Diaspora, 129-133, 144
• Dickens, Charles, 172
• Differentness, 62
• Divine Presence, 147
• Divorce, 101
• Don-Yehiya, Eliezer, 55
• Dorff, Elliot, 50
• Drach, David, 6
• Drachman, Bernard, 14
• Dualism, 88
• Dumont, Louis, 71
• Durkheim, Emile, 31, 72

E

• Eckardt, A. Roy, 156, 163
• Ecology, 170
• Economic growth, 188
• Education, Jewish, 5, 60, 68, 81
• Eivah, 131
• Elazar, Daniel, 31, 76
• Elijah, 47
• Eliot, T. S., 224
• Elisha ben Abuya, 208-212
• Elisha, 47
• Ellis, Marc, xxiii
• Emancipation, xi, xvii, 5-6, 19, 58-61, 92-93, 144
• Empathy and ethics, 174
• Employer-employee relations, 189-190
• Enlightenment, xi, 4, 99, 103, 107
  • and ethics, 172
• Epistemological pluralism, 49
• Epistemology and Jewish thought, 287-301
• Epstein, Isidore, 32
• Essentialism and lnstrumentalism, 233
• Ethical pluralism, 72, 171-173
• Ethical domain, 168-169
• Ethiopian Jewry, 172
• Ethnic minorities, 173
• Ethnicity, 72
• Ettlinger, Rabbi Jacob 6-7, 123
• Evil and freewill, 151-152
• Evolution, 35
• Exclusivism, 175
• Exile, xv-xviii, 8, 12, 19, 24-26, 93, 144, 148
• Ezekiel, 145

F

• Fackenheim, Emil, 15
  • and Holocaust, 149-151
• Faith in the City, 170
• Family, 101-103, 169-171
  • and Jewish ethics, 169-171
  • and Freud, 171
  • and the kibbutz, 171
  • the modern Jewish, 101-103
• Fear of Heaven, 204-205
• 'Fence around the law', 63
• Finkelstein, Louis, 31
• Formstecher, Solomon, 6
• Fox, Marvin, 15
• Frank, Zvi Pesach, 87
• Freewill, 204-211
• Freud, Sigmund, 7, 31, 44, 209
• Friedman, Menachem, 74-75, 104
• Fromm, Erich, 207
• Fundamentalism, 97, 100, 125, 165

G

• Gadamer, Hans Georg, 296
• Galileo, 51
• Galut, see Exile
• Ge'ulah, see Redemption
• Geiger, Abraham, 7
• Gemeinde Orthodoxy, 66
• Gersonides, 148
• Gewirtz, Leonard, 32
• Glatzer, Nahum, 79, 257
• Glazer, Nathan, 73
• God, names of, 226-227
• Goethe, 70
• Goldscheider, Calvin, 104
• Gordis, Robert, 54
• Graetz, Heinrich, 8
• Green, Arthur, 105, 278
• Greenberg, Irving, xxi, 55, 105, 114-115, 149, 267
• Grunfeld, Dayan I., 14, 117, 122
• Gush Emunim, 97, 124

H

• Ha-Cohen, Rabbi Israel Meir, 77
• Haggadah, 139
• Halakhah, xx-xxii, 47-48, 100, 107, 114-115, 126-127
  • and individuality, 274-276 and
  • local circumstance, 118-121
  • and objectivity, 293
  • and secular expertise, 197-199
  • and society, 19, 129
  • and 'subjective
  • reconstruction', 295
  • and subjectivity, 273
  • economic factors in, 194
  • in the thought of Soloveitchik, 270-285
  • process and product, 270-271
• Halakhic study, 52
• Halevi, Judah, xiii, 19, 53, 123, 125, 147, 282
• Halevy, Isaac, 16
• Halivni, David Weiss, 155
• Hallo, William, 259
• Hamburg Temple, 60
• Hampshire, Stuart, 168, 171, 173
• Hansen's Law, 73
• Happiness, 224
• Hare, R. M., 180
• Harkabi, Yehoshafat, 136
• Hart, H. L. A., 169
• Hartman, David, xiv, xxi, 51, 55, 105, 114-115, 267
  • and religious Zionism, 129
• Hartom, Menachem, 144, 149
• Haskalah, 64-65, 75
• Hauerwas, Stanley, 168
• Hebrew University, 29
• Hegel, xii, 36, 44, 70, 223, 276, 290
• Heidegger, Martin, 36, 276
• Heilman, Samuel, 6, 32, 52, 75, 84, 87, 124
• Heraclitus, 36
• Herberg, Will, 72
• Hertzberg, Arthur, 32
• Herzl, Theodor, 32
• Herzog, Isaac, 87
• Herzog, Elizabeth, 32
• Heschel, A. J., 22, 53, 157, 270, 278
• Hess, Moses, 21-22
  • and Reform, 21
• Hezekiah, 210
• Hick, John, 178, 181
• Hiding of the face of God, 148, 219
• Hildesheimer, Rabbi Azriel, 6, 119, 123
• Hillel, xix, 188, 192, 235, 238-239, 252
• Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael, xviii, 3-17, 19, 20, 23, 35, 39, 43, 48, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 67, 69, 71, 77, 90, 107-109, 112-114, 116, 122-125, 127, 134, 224, 261, 290, 295
  • and emancipation, 6-13
  • and ethical mission, 94, 110, 111
  • and history, 92-93
  • and Jewish education, 8-10
  • and Jewish nationalism, 12-13
  • and modernity, 12
  • and secular culture, 9-11
  • and Reform, 8, 10
  • Nineteen Letters on Judaism, 7-8
• Hirsch, Samuel, 6
• Hirschensohn, Rabbi Chaim, 123
• Historiography, 91
• History and theology, 91
• Hobbes, 235
• Hoffman, Rabbi David Zvi 6, 16, 123
• Hoffman, Lawrence, 31
• Holiness and finitude, 273
• Holocaust, 67, 94, 103, 134
  • and Christian theology, 145
  • and Jewish theology, 139-160
• Homosexuality, 164, 169
• Hora'at sha'ah, 15, 117-118
• Horowitz, Rabbi Marcus, 108
• Hubris, 45
• Husserl, 37
• Humer, Rabbi Yitzchak, 143

I

• Ibn Ezra, 240-241
• Ibn Verga, Solomon, 148
• Idel, Moshe, 31
• Imitatio Dei, 189
• Inclusivism, 175
• Income redistribution 187-188, 196
• Interfaith dialogue, 47, see also Dialogue
• Intermarriage, 59, 101-102
• Isaac, binding of, 148
• Isaiah, 210
• Ishmael, 212-215
• Islam, 27
• Israel and Diaspora, 25-26

J

• Jacobson, Dan, 155
• Jakobovits, Lord, 15, 117, 159, 202
• James, William, 36
• Jeremiah, 47
• Jewish day schools, 68, 81
• Jewish education, 60
• Jewish identity, 3, 57
• Jewish peoplehood, 110, 133
• Jewish philosophy, xiii-xv, 40, 293
• Jewish socialism, xii
• Jewish thought, xii-xv, 107-136
• Job, 147-148
• Joseph, 37-38
• Joshua, 90
• Judaeo-Christian tradition, 162-163
• Judaism, and class, 194-197
  • and education, 196
  • and philosophy, 267-268, 282
  • and politics, xxii, 198-199, 207
  • and the public domain, 128-129
  • and secular culture, 108, 122-127
  • and secular study, 117-119
• Jung, C. J., 235
• Justice, 213-214, 273
  • Divine, 142-149, 151-153

K

• Kabbalah, 23
• Kahane, Meir, 126
• Kalam, xiii
• Kalischer, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch, 20- 21, 93
• Kamenetsky, Rabbi Jacob, 68
• Kant, xii, 9, 70, 276
• Kaplan, Lawrence, 51, 135, 155, 268
• Kaplan, Mordecai, 12, 267
• Kaplan, Zvi, 51
• Katz, Jacob, 14, 32
• Katz, Steven, 159
• Kehillah, 19, 168, see also Community
• Keller, Chaim Dov, 104
• Kellner, Menachem, xiv
• Kiddush ha-Shem, 108, 111, 119, 131-132, 152
• Kierkegaard, xx, 36, 231, 265, 276, 279
• Kimchi, Rabbi David, 229
• Klausner, Joseph, 178
• Knesset Yisrael, 108, 110, 133
• Kohler, Kaufman, 178
• Kollel, 74
• Kook, Rabbi Abraham, xviii, 3, 13, 19-34, 35, 39, 43, 48, 57, 67, 69, 71, 87, 93-95, 107, 112, 114, 122, 124-125, 128, 134, 290, 298
  • and evolution, 27
  • and messianic age, 24
  • and modernity, 29-30
  • and Orthodoxy, 28
  • and rebels against tradition, 25
  • and secular study, 28
  • and teshuvah, 27
  • and tolerance, 30
  • and unity of existence, 24, 26
  • and Zionism, 24
• Kotler, Rabbi Aaron, 68
• Krakovski, Menachem, 216
• Kranzler, George, 79
• Kuhn, T. S., 295

L

• Ladino, 61
• Lakewood Yeshivah, 68
• Lamm, Norman, 16, 34, 105, 159, 267
• Lanzmann, Claude, 141
• Lasalle, Ferdinand, 36
• Leadership, religious, 133
• Leibowitz, Nechama, 33
• Lessing, 70
• Levi-Strauss, 232
• Levinson, David, 104
• Levy, Marion, 59, 63
• Liberal individualism, 72, 99
• Liberal Judaism, xii
• Liberalism, 130, 169, 298
  • religious, 97-100
• Liberles, Robert, 14, 32
• Lichtenstein, Rabbi Aharon, 51, 52, 54, 257, 267, 287
• and religious zionism, 129
• Liebman, Charles, 13, 20, 31, 34, 55, 81, 84, 104
• Lifnim mi-shurat ha-din, 254
• Lindbeck, George, 179, 181
• Loew, Rabbi Judah of Prague, 23, 24
• Love and the self, 239-240
• Lubavitch Chassidism, 68, 75
• Lunel, Rabbi Jonathan ha-Cohen of, 52

M

• Mach, 36
• Machteret, 124
• MacIntyre, Alasdair, 135, 156, 164, 168
• Maimonides, Moses, xiii, 5, 9, 11, 19, 48, 49, 52, 58, 108, 123, 125, 127, 147, 193, 241, 264, 267, 275, 276, 278, 280, 282, 290
  • Epistle to Yemen, viii, 92
  • Guide of the Perplexed, v, 58, 133
  • on charity, 186
  • on freewill, 205-211
  • on Middle Way, 116
  • on reasons for the commandments, 58
  • on separation from the community, 167
  • on Teshuvah, 205-206
• Majestic Man, 41, 47, 222-223, 277
• Man, two accounts of creation of, 222-230
• Marcus, J. R., 16
• Margolies, Rabbi Moses Zebulun, 16
• Marx, Karl, 21, 31, 44
• Maza, Bernard, 156
• Meimad, 88
• Mendelssohn, Moses, 5, 6, 9, 11, 60, 70, 247, 295
• Mendlowitz, Rabbi Shraga, 68
• Mensch-Jissroel, 12, 20, 70
• Messianic Age, 21, 91, 92
• Metzger, Alter, 32
• Midrash, 40
• Mill, John Stuart, 169
• Mitnagdim, 64
• Mizrachi, 66, 86, 108, 143
• Modern Orthodoxy, 48, 64, 67, 71, 77, 81-105, 112-115, 121, 267
  • and problems of legitimation, 81-86
  • and synthesis, 83-84
  • and traditionalism, 83-84
  • in America, 85-86
  • in Israel, 86-88
• Modern consciousness, 114
• Modernism, 114
  • religious, 96-100
• Modernity, xi-xii, 3-4, 35-36, 45-50
  • and Eastern European Jewry, 22-23
  • and morality, 164-165
  • and the secularisation of religion; 45-50
  • and tradition, 58-59
  • discontents of, 97
• Mollov, Ben, 104
• Monism, 88
• Moral community, 171
• Moral revolution, 72
• Moses, 3, 47, 90, 147, 203-204
• Mosse, George L., 17
• Moynihan, Daniel, 73
• Mussar, 65, 113
• Mysticism, 49

N

• Nachman of Bratslav, xi, xix, 278
• Nachmanides, xv, 19, 24, 148, 240, 254, 276
• Neo-Orthodoxy, 20
• Neo-Platonism, xii
• Netivot Shalom, 88
• Neturei Karta, 126, 143
• Neusner, Jacob, 16,157
• Newton, 51
• Niebuhr, H. Reinhold, 276
• Nietzsche, xii, 36, 44, 45, 94, 276
• Nissim, Rabbenu, 271
• Noachide commands, 130-131
• Nobel, Rabbi Nehemiah, 70
• Normalisation, 95, 109
• Novak, David, 136
• Noveck, Simon, 287

O

• Oakeshott, Michael, 180
• Ontological loneliness, 38, 219
• Orthodoxy, xviii, 3, 69, 76
  • and ideology, 112-125
  • in America, 85-86
  • in Germany, 6
• Otto, Rudolf, 36
• Oz ve-Shalom, 88

P

• Particularism, 73
  • ethical, 171-173
• Peck, A. J., 16
• Peli, Pinchas, 51, 270
• Philosophy and science, 290-291
• Pierce, 36
• Pinsker, Leo, 32
• Pinto, Rabbi Josiah, 216
• Pittsburgh Platform, 31
• Plausibility structure, 64
• Pleasure, 185
• Pluralism, 100, 125, 129-130, 133, 298
  • cognitive, xiv, 290-292, 296-297
  • epistemological, 49
  • ethical, 72, 171-173
  • post-modem, 176
  • religious, 175
• Politics, and halakhah, 126
  • and Jewish attitudes, 129-130
• Popper, Karl, 233
• Post-modernity, 103
• Poverty, 183-202
  • definition of, 191-194
• Prayer, 42
• Progress, 99
• Prophecy, 42
• Prosbol, 188
• Providence, Divine, and Holocaust, 142-149
• Purim, 154

R

• Rabbinic dress, 63
• Rabinovitch, Rabbi Nachum, 216
• Rackman, Rabbi Emanuel, xxi, 114-115, 267
• Rashbam, xx
• Rashi, 226-227, 237
• Ravitzky, Aviezer, 51, 290
• Rawidowicz, Simon, 52
• Redemption, xvi-xviii, 20, 42, 92, 93
• Reform Judaism, xii, xvii-xviii, 6, 19, 60, 63, 65, 67, 69, 85, 127, 161
  • and homosexuality, 85
  • and mixed marriages, 85
• Reines, Rabbi Isaac, 66, 86, 108, 123, 128
• Relevance, empathetic or redemptive, 220
• Religion, and cognition, 297
  • and modernity, 4-5
  • and science, 43-45
  • and the individual in Judaism, 167
  • and the state in Judaism, 167
• Religious and secular in Israel, 88
• Religious domain, 166-168
• Religious moderation, 87-88
• Religious pluralism, 85, 114-115
• Remembering, and Jewish spirituality, 141
• Resh Lakish, 204
• Resistance to modernity, 63
• Resurrection of the dead, 91
• Revelation, 35, 92
• Rorty, Richard, 55, 297
• Rosenak, Michael, 51
• Rosenberg, Shalom, 31
• Rosenbloom, Noah, 14
• Rosenzweig, Bernard, 104
• Rosenzweig, Franz, 70, 103, 132, 248, 251, 256, 259-266, 267
  • and death, 264-265
  • and exile, 262-265
  • and German culture, 261-263
  • and Teshuvah, 259-265
  • and translation, 261-262
• Rosh Yeshivah, 65,
  • and congregational rabbi, 121
• Rosh Hashanah, 212
• Roskies, David, 158
• Roth, Sol, 126
• Royce, 37
• Rubinstein, Richard, 146, 149

S

• Saadia Gaon, xiii, 15, 108, 125, 267
• Sabbath, 189, 195
• Sacred and secular, 29
• Safed mysticism, 92
• Sage and saint, 48-49
• Salanter, Rabbi Israel, 119
• Santayana, 37
• Saperstein, Marc, 31
• Satmar Chassidim, 68-69, 75, 76
• Schachter, Rabbi Zvi, 78
• Scheler, 297
• Schiff, Alvin, 80
• Schiller, 36
• Schneersohn, Rabbi Menachem Mendel, 68, 211
• Scholasticism, 49
• Scholem, Gershom, xviii, 15, 52, 91, 103, 244, 247
• Schorsch, Ismar, 13
• Schwartzschild, Steven, 259
• Schweid, Eliezer, 14, 15, 32, 34
• Science of Judaism, 6, 8, 10, 16, 28, 295
• Scientific and religious truth, 233-234
• Scruton, Roger, 115, 180
• Secession, Orthodox, 20, 23, 66, 108, 116, 124
• Secular and religious, 231-234
• Secular city, 75
• Secular culture, 69
• Secular study, 60, 86
• Secularisation, 4-5, 58, 67, 102-103
• Secularism, 130
• Segregation, 111,133
• Self, the Jewish, 221-244
  • the modern, 98
• Sexual ethics, 169-170
• Shabbetai Zevi, xvi
• Shauli-Bick, A., 51
• She'erit ha-peletah, 66
• SheIilat ha-golah, 109
• Sheppard, David, xxii
• Shils, Edward, 78, 107
• Shneour Zalman, Rabbi, of Liadi, 234, 271, 277
• Shokeid, Moshe, 104
• Shtetl, 75
• Silber, Michael, 79
• Silver, Abba Hillel, 177
• Silver, D. J., 160
• Sin and alienation, 237-238
• Singer, David, 51, 82
• Singer, Michael, 31
• Skinner, Quentin, 125
• Slavery, 190
• Socialism, 109, 130
• Sofer, Rabbi Abraham, 116
• Sofer, Rabbi Moses, xviii, xxi, 3, 60-66, 113-114, 116, 128
• Sofer, Rabbi Shimon, 117
• Sokol, Moshe, 51
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Chaim, 36, 39, 269, 273
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Joseph, xiv, xviii-xxi, 3, 31, 35-55, 57, 69, 103, 107, 112, 122, 124-125, 215-216, 221-244, 267-301
• and conflict, 277-279, 288-289
  • and dialogue, 162
  • autobiography and theology, 36-39
  • Halakhic Man, xx, 36-37, 39, 46, 48, 267-285, 287-290, 294
  • The Halakhic Mind, xii, 36, 70, 287-301
  • The Lonely Man of Faith, xix-xx, 35, 38, 40-50, 124, 221-244, 298
  • on brit goral, 110, 154
  • on philosophy and halakhah, 269-271
  • on religion and science, 43-45
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Joseph Baer, 36
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Moshe, 36
• Sosevsky, Morris, 51
• Spanish inquisition, 92
• Speech, 42
• Spiegel, Shalom, 158
• Spinoza, xi, 21, 44, 239
• Spranger, Eduard, 36
• Status quo communities, 66
• Steinberg, Milton, 217
• Steiner, George, 94
• Steinheim, Salomon, 6
• Steinsaltz, Adin, 283
• Stout, Jeffrey, 105
• Strike, right to, 190-191
• Strikowski, A., 51
• Subjectivism, 292-293
• Subjectivity, 230-231
• Suffering, 140
• Synagogue customs, 63
• Synagogue, and rabbinate, 120-121
• Synthesis, 10-11, 39, 71, 86, 100-101, 107, 109, 122, 131-133
  • in the thought of R. Kook, 28- 29

T

• Taharat ha-mishpachah, 102
• Tanya, 234
• Teitelbaum, Rabbi Joel, 68
  • and Holocaust, 142-143, 149
• Tertullian, 36
• Teshuvah, 73, 203-218
  • in the thought of Rosenzweig, 259-265
  • in the thought of Soloveitchik, 275-276
• Theology, liberal, 100
• Tikkun olam, 127-133
• Time, Jewish attitudes to, 90-93
• Tolstoy, 51
• Torah study, and work, 189
• Torah im derekh eretz, xix, 10-11, 60-64, 89, 108, 116-118, 122-127, 134
  • as temporary concession, 117- 118
• Trade Unions, 191
• Tradition and secularisation, 58- 64
• Traditionalism, 95, 97, 99, 121
• Trilling, Lionel, 53
• Tzaddik, 64

U

• Universalism, 111, 130, 172, 174-175
• Unterman, Rabbi Isser Yehudah, 87

V

• Vaihinger, 37
• Vilna Gaon, 64, 276
• Volozhyn, 22, 23
  • yeshivah, 65, 113
  • Rabbi Chayyim of, 274, 277

W

• Warhaftig, S., 201
• Warnock, G. J., 180
• Warnock, Mary, 130
• Waxman, Chaim, 104
• 'Ways of the Gentiles', 61
• Wealth and poverty, 183-202
• Weber, Max, 263
• Weiler, Gershon, 126
• Weinberg, Rabbi Yechiel, 117, 119, 121
• Weiss, Raymond, 54
• Welfare, 170
• Wellhausen, xii
• Wessely, Naftali Hartwig, 10, 60
• Wiesel, Elie, 153, 278
• Williams, Raymond, 78
• Wilson, Bryan, 179
• Wittgenstein, 89, 264, 295
• Woocher, Jonathan, 55
• Work, 188-189
• World to come, 91
• Wurzburger, Walter, 51, 104
• Wyschogrod, Michael, xiv, 133, 159, 172, 267

Y

• Yaron, Zvi, 32
• Yehoshua, A. B., 94, 144
• Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayyim, 91, 141
• Yeshiva University, 16, 82, 269, 296
• Yeshivah, 65, 68, 74, 81, 121-123, 127, 166, 211
• Yetser, 211
• Yiddish culturalism, xii
• Yiddish language, 61, 62
• Yom Ha-Atzmaut, 87
• Yom Ha-Shoah, 153
• Yom Kippur, 203, 205
• Yom Kippur War, 89, 95, 109

Z

• Zborowski, Mark, 32
• Zeitlin, Irving, 54
• Zevin, Rabbi Shlomo Yosef, 51, 87
• Zionism, and holocaust, 142-145
• Zionism, religious, xix, 20-22, 67, 71, 87, 93, 108, 109, 126-129, 132, 134
  • and R. Kook, 24-26
  • current crisis, 128
• Zionism, secular, xii, xvii-xviii, 21-22, 25, 67, 95, 109
• Zohar, 219, 238
• Zohar, Zvi, 51