The Jonathan Sacks Haggada

Overview

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, during his tenure as Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregations of the Commonwealth in the United Kingdom, wrote this refreshing and insightful commentary to the Koren Haggadah, together with illuminating essays on the themes and motifs of Pesach, the Festival of Freedom.

Index

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A

• Aaron 118
• Abbot, Abiel 77
• Abrabanel (Abarbanel), Don Isaac 124, 144–5
• Abraham
  • asked questions 136
  • and Binding of Isaac 165
  • bought burial plot for Sarah 14
  • and exile 60–1
  • as halvri 19
  • journey from Mesopotamia 29
  • and Lot 160
  • on Sodom and Gomorrah 159
  • told about suffering in Egypt 163
  • told to leave his land 71
• Acton, Lord 83, 1 26
• Adam 52, 59
• Adams, John 78
• Adversus Judaeos tradition 45
• Aelia Capitolina 108
• Akiva, Rabbi 62, 71, 109, 110, 114, 115–16
  • on Adam and Eve 52
  • and Bar Kokhba 107
• Alexander the Great 44
• Alexandrian empire 54
• aliens 32
• Alkalai, Yehudah 65
• Almohads 46
• Almoravids 46
• Alshekh, Rabbi Moses 148
• Altneuland (Herzl) 58–59
• Alzheimer’s disease 38
• El-Amarna 14
• America
  • Declaration of Independence 78
  • has a civil religion 79
  • presidential inaugural addresses 80–1
  • and religion and society 81–82
  • shaped by the Hebrew Bible 77, 105–106
• American dream 75
• Amos 61
• Amram 119, 120, 122
• ancient Greece see Greece, ancient
• angels, God consulted about creating mankind 168–9
• Anjou, Jews expelled from in 1289 45
• Anouilh, Jean 150
• Antigone (Anouilh) 150
• Antigone (Sophocles) 127
  • antisemitism
  • and difference 54–5
  • and Dreyfus trial 57
  • the longest hatred 44
  • not a belief but a virus 47–8
  • not prevented by conversion or assimilation 144–5
  • racial 3, 48, 49–50
  • rise in, second half of the nineteenth century 65–6
  • solution for Jews to have a state of their own 58
  • towards Israel 49
• anti-Zionism 49–50
• Apion 44
• Aristotle
  • believed that some people were born to be slaves 78
  • on political animals 88
  • spoke well of Jews 44
  • on tragic hero 150
• assimilation 54, 55, 144–5
• Augustine 144
• Auschwitz 154
• Austria 22
• Azaria 126

B

• Babel 52, 59
• Babylonian exile 143
• Babylonians 7
• Balfour Declaration 66
• Bar Kokhba rebellion 62, 107–8, 121
• beatitude, societal 6
• Bellah, Robert 79, 102
• Benei Betera 114
• Ben-Gurion, David 3–4, 67
• “Benjamin Disraeli, Karl Marx and the Search for Identity” (Berlin) 35
• Ben Zoma 105, 156
• Berdichevski, Micha Jose 66
• Berger, Peter 122
• Berlin, Sir Isaiah
  • on historical inevitability 102
  • on Jewish identity 35
  • and negative and positive freedom 86–7
  • on the state 89
• Bible
  • translation of into the vernacular 76
    • see also Hebrew Bible
• Bible and Sword: England and Palestine from the Bronze Age to Balfour (Tuchman) 68
• Bitya 123, 1 27
• Blood Libel (Wesker) 46
• blood libels 9, 21, 46, 50, 65
• bombing in Netanya, 2002 50
• Brandeis, Louis 33–4
• Britain, in the seventeenth century shaped by the Hebrew Bible 105–6
• Brittany, Jews expelled from in 1239–40 45
• Burke, Edmund 11 Bush, George W. 81

C

• Cahill, Thomas 100–1
• Cain 52, 59
• Cassirer, Ernst 152
• Caxton, William 76
• Chaim of Brisk, Rabbi 138–9
• children
  • asking questions 135–6
  • different types 141–2
  • never take for granted 165
  • and passing on memories to 16
  • rebellious 147
  • telling the Pesach story to 17–18
• China 95
• Chmielnicki pogroms 45
• choice 97, 154
• Christianity
  • and Adversus Judaeos tradition 44–5
  • and blood libels 46
  • and conversion 54, 1 44
• Churchill, Colonel Charles 65
• civil disobedience 124–5, 126–7
• civil religion 79, 82
• Condorcet, Nicolas de 101
• Constantine 45
• contractual politics 92
• conversation, a willingness to speak and listen to others 105
• conversion 54, 55, 144–5
• cosmological civilization 52
• covenantal politics 92
• covenantal time 40, 102, 120
• covenants
  • American 79–82
  • create societies, not states 92
  • God with Jewish people 90, 1 19–20
  • with Noah 51, 52
  • as a peace treaty between nations in the Far East 28
  • and time 40
• Cremieux, Adolf 65
• crimes against humanity 124
• Cromwell, Oliver 77
• Crusades 45
• Cyrus 152

D

• Damascus Blood Libel 21, 65
• danger, slow to see it 162
• Daniel 126
• Daniel Deronda (Eliot) 65
• Darius 126
• David, King
  • consecrated Jerusalem 71
  • on security 104
  • youngest of eight brothers 24
• The Death of the Past (Plumb) 59
• Declaration of Human Rights 126
• democracy, totalitarian 82
• Democracy in America (Tocqueville) 81–2
• desert, and divine word 98
• Deuteronomy
  • 4:6 75, 137
  • 4:9 38
  • 4:32, 34 36–7
  • 5:25–26 169
  • 6:5 147–8
  • 6:21 151
  • 7:7 104
  • 8:11–19 37
  • 10:17 27
  • 21:18 146
  • 24:10–22 31
  • 25:17 37
  • 26:5–8 130
  • 26:9 131
  • 30:12–14 12
  • 30:19 170
  • 32:4 169
  • 32:7 1, 37
• dhimmi status 46
• difference
  • and antisemitism 55
  • dignity of 52, 53–4, 1 05
  • problem of, and Jews 50–1
• dignity
  • of difference 52, 53–4, 105
  • of a purpose 5
• Dina 118
• Dio 108
• Disraeli, Benjamin 35–6
• Divine Presence, lives in everyday acts 12
• Dostoevsky, Fyodor 56
• Dreyfus trial 21, 57

E

• Ecclesiastes
  • 1:2 96
  • 1:9 96
• education
  • and freedom 15–16, 105
  • and the law 91
• Edward I 9
• egalitarianism 33, 34
• Egypt
  • and concept of time 13–16
  • and Jacob 163
  • and Joseph 61, 161–2
  • and slavery 87
    • see also Exodus from Egypt
• Egyptians, feared and despised strangers 53
• Elazar ben Azaria, Rabbi 107, 109, 114, 115, 155, 156
  • as nasi 110, 113
• Eliezer, Rabbi 107, 109, 110, 114, 116
• Elijah, cup of 131
• Eliot, George 65
• emuna 99
• England, Jews expelled from in 1290 9, 45
• Enlightenment 47
• Essenes 111
• Ester 43
• Ethics of the Fathers 91
• etiquette, seating of rabbis 109–10
• European nationalism 54, 64
• Eve 52, 59
• exile 59, 60–1, 62–3
• Exodus
  • 1:8 61, 1 61
  • 1:8–10 43
  • 1:9–10 14
  • 1:10 162
  • 1:17–21 123–4
  • 1:22 117
  • 2:1 118
  • 2:11 21
  • 3:6 21
  • 3:11 19
  • 3:14 21
  • 4:1 122
  • 4:22 125
  • 4:24–5 123
  • 5:21 162
  • 5:22 136
  • 6:6 87
  • 6:6–7 129
  • 6:8 131
  • 12:11 1
  • 12:26–27 15
  • 12:39 162
  • 13:8 15, 39, 136
  • 13:14 15
  • 13:17 157
  • 13:18 113–14
  • 15:16 125
  • 19:6 86
  • 20:2 36
  • 20:22 30
  • 23:9 32
  • 32:15 91
• exodus from Egypt 29, 30–1, 36–7, 86, 97–8, 158
  • and freedom 83–4
  • and the Shema 155–6
• Exodus Raba
  • 1:3 123
  • 1:23 122
  • 1:26 123
• Ezekiel
  • 20:1 143
  • 20:33 66
  • 37:11 62
  • on children 147
• Ezra 71

F

• Fichte, Johann 47, 82
• fifths, missing 132–3
• Final Solution 3
• First Crusade 45
• firstfruits 85
• First Temple 62, 71
• Fisch, Harold 95
• Flood 87
• force 89
• four (number) 129–30, 132
• four sons 136, 141–2
• France, Jews expelled from between 1182 and 1394 45
• Frankl, Viktor 153–4
• Franklin, Benjamin 77
• freedom
  • all have equal access to 34
  • and choice 154
  • to do what is correct 79
  • and education 15–16, 105
  • and the exodus 83–4
  • fear of 98–9
  • and God 29, 30–1
  • and the Haggada 3
  • and cherut 91
  • Israel had to lose it before it could cherish it 165–6
  • and morality 93–4
  • negative and positive 87–8
  • and the Omer 86
  • and Shabbat 149
  • in time 32–3
• Frege, Gottlob 47
• French Revolution 82, 83, 103
• Freud, Sigmund 22–5
• Fromm, Erich 98

G

• Gamliel, Rabban 109, 111, 112–13, 116
• Genesis
  • 1:26 137
  • 2:18 88
  • 11:1 52
  • 12:3 53, 84
  • 12:10 60
  • 13:10 160
  • 13:18 160
  • 15:13 160, 163
  • 18:6 159
  • 18:19 40
  • 18:23–25 159
  • 18:25 136
  • 19:3 159
  • 19:5 161
  • 19:9 161
  • 19:14 161
  • 19:15 161
  • 19:16 162
  • 32:28 153
  • 46:3 163
  • 47:27 162
  • 49:5 118
  • 50:20 152
  • 50:24 152
  • its heroes and heroines are ordinary people 90
• Genesis Raba
• 8:5 168–9
• 41:9 13
• Germany
  • Jews expelled from throughout the fifteenth century 45
  • Society for the Science of Judaism 40–1
• ghetto, invention of, in Rome, 1555 45
• Gifts of the Jews (Cahill) 100–1
• goat song 167–8
• God
  • author of the universe 151
  • and the covenant 90, 119–20
  • created the world in love 5
  • on creating mankind 168–9
  • and freedom 29–31
  • has never lost faith in us 40, 62
  • hiding his face 119–20
  • and history 97
  • and life 170
  • and Moses 21, 121–2
  • and Noah 52
  • not of Israel only, but of the world 106
  • not only the Creator but also the Redeemer 36
  • and redemption 139
  • and Samuel 24
  • transcends nature 97
  • when a society acknowledges, man is protected from his fellow man 83
  • will bring deliverance because he has done so before 61
• gods
  • in nature 36
  • and rulers 28
• Gomorrah 159
• Gordon, Aaron David 66
• Gottwald, Norman 33
• Graetz, Heinrich 65
• Granada, Jewish community attacked by Islamic sects in 1066 and 1090 46
• “Great Rebellion", 66 CE 111
• Great Sanhedrin 111
• Greece, ancient
  • attitude to Jews 145
  • its great features contained the seeds of its demise 94
  • lacked a theory of the moral limits of power 126
• Gulf War 69, 1 57–8
• Gutenberg, Johannes 76

H

• HaAm, Ahad 66
• Habiru 14
• Habits of the Heart (Bellah) 102
• Hadrian 121
• Haggada, meaning 2
• Halevi, Judah 36, 67, 71
• Haman 43, 1 26
• Hammurabi Code 28
• Hanania 126
• hatred 55
• Hebrew Bible
• America shaped by 105–6
• influenced seventeenth-century political thinkers 76–7
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 47, 82, 88
• Heidegger, Martin 47
• Heine, Heinrich 76
• Hellenization 54
• Heller, Joseph 4
• Helvetius 82
• heritage 10–12, 1 8
• Herodotus 39, 97
• herut 91
• Herzl, Theodor 57–9, 65, 67
• effect of Dreyfuss trial 21
• political zionist 66
• Hess, Moses 21, 58, 65, 67, 145
• hierarchical politics 92
• Hillel
• on drowning 167
• on responsibility 92
• said an ignorant person cannot be pious 138
• and Shammai 111
• Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael 8, 41
• history
• and God 36, 97
• has meaning 37, 40
• and hope 152
• and Jewish identity 35
• and memory 38, 41
• seen as an arena dominated by man alone 101
• The History of Freedom (Acton) 83, 1 26
• A History of the Jews (Johnson) 4–5, 28–9
• History of Western Philosophy (Russell) 94
• Hitler, Adolf 22
• Hobbes, Thomas
• cited Hebrew Bible constantly 77
• war of "all against all" 87
• hokhma (chochmah) 8, 137
• Holocaust
  • education about 49
  • Enlightenment failed to prevent 102
• homecoming 59
• hope 61, 63–4, 122, 154
  • and covenantal time 102–3
  • demands, creates and expresses indomitable moral courage 153
  • gives rise to history 152
  • and God 151
  • and the Haggada 2
  • and Pesach story 7
  • politics of 104, 105
  • that the angel of death will one day be defeated by the long-overdue realisation that God is life 170
• Horace 44
• Hosea 61
• hubris 150
• human rights 103, 105, 126
• human solidarity 2
• Hykos 14

I

• ibn Caspi, Rabbi Joseph 161
• identity
  • and Freud 24
  • and memory 38
  • sustained in exile 63–4
  • wear with pride to combat antisemitism 55
    • see also Jewish identity
• Imber, Naftali Herz 88
• immortality 16
• independence 88
• inevitability, historical 102
• injustice 138
• “International Law: Its Origins and Sources” (Maine) 169–70
• Isaac
  • Binding of 165
  • and exile 60, 61
• Isaiah
  • 1:27 74
  • 2:4 170
  • 3:14 34
  • 11:6–9 59
  • 25:7–8 170
  • 40:30 103
  • on Jerusalem 71, 73
  • on messianic age 99
  • on peace 103
• Islam 45–7, 54
• Israel
  • achievements 66–7
  • antisemitism towards 49
  • State created 3–4
  • would not have been born without Pesach 68
• Italy 94
• Ivrim 14

J

• Jacob
  • did not rebuke Reuben, Simeon, and Levi until he was dying 146
  • dream of a ladder and angels 63
  • in Egypt 163–4
  • and exile 60, 61
• Jakobovits, Lord 38
• Jefferson, Thomas 3, 77, 78, 80
• Jeremiah
  • 12:1 136
  • 16:15 157
  • 29:7 64
  • 31:15 103
  • 31:28 147
  • 31:32–33 99
  • foresaw the destruction of the Temple 71
  • prophecy fulfilled 158
• Jerusalem 69–73, 1 08
• Jewish identity
  • Haggada sustained 2
  • and heritage 18
  • and Pesach 19–20, 21–2
  • steeped in history 35
• Jewish self-hatred 55
• Against the Jews and Their Lies (Luther) 45
• Jews of Vienna 22
• Job, Book of 136
• Joel 99
• Johnson, Lyndon Baines 80–1
• Johnson, Paul 4–5, 28–9
• Jonah
  • 1:8–9 19
  • and Nineveh 164–5
• Joseph
  • in Egypt 61, 161
  • dying 152
  • Josephus 40, 110–11, 111
• Joshua 151
• Jubilee 32–3
• Der Judenstaat (Herzl) 57–8
• Judges
  • 21:25 93
  • 25:23 153
• justice, questions about 138

K

• kadosh 52
• Kalischer, Tzvi Hirsch 65
• Kant, Immanuel 47
• Kasher, Rabbi Menahem 132
• Kennedy, John F. 80
• Kiddushin 126
• King, Martin Luther 125
• King James Bible 76
• kings, criticized by prophets when they abused their power 126
• Kohelet
  • 1:2 96
  • 1:9 96
• Kook, Rav Avraham 66, 146
• Korah rebellion 125
• Kuzari (Halevi) 67

L

• Landes, David 95
• Learned Hand, Judge 15
• Legitimacy and the Modern State (Schaar) 93
• Levi (Jacob's son) 118, 146
• Leviathan (Hobbes) 77
• Levinas, Emanuel 153
• Leviticus
  • 19:14 146
  • 23:15–16 85
  • 24:44–45 61
  • 25:10 32, 77
  • 25:55 33
• liberty
  • biblical 31–3, 79
  • and crimes 87
  • and the Haggada 3
  • requires constant vigilance 166
    • see also freedom
• Liberty Bell 77
• Lichtenstein, Rabbi Aharon 6
• life
  • choosing 170
  • sanctity of 105
• linear time 101, 102
• Locke, John 3, 77
• logotherapy 153–4
• The Long Walk to Freedom (Mandela) 76
• loss, teaches us to value things 165
• Lot 159–61, 162
• Lueger, Karl 22
• Luther, Martin 45
• Luzzatto, Samuel David 124, 127

M

• Maccabees 71
• MacMillan, Harold 40
• Maimonides 71, 1 04
  • on five cups of wine on the seder night 130, 131
  • on “Great Rebellion", 66 CE 111
  • on the Omer 86
  • on scientific and Philosophical understanding 137
  • on social animals 88
• Maine, Jews expelled from in 1289 45
• Maine, Sir Henry Sumner 169–70
• Malkitzedek 51
• Mandela, Nelson 76
• Mandelstam, Nadezhda 154
• Manetho 44
• Man’s Search for Meaning (Frankl) 154
• Marcion 44
• marriage 89–90
• Marx, Karl
  • created not freedom but its betrayal 82
  • on freedom 87
  • on religion 138
• The Matzo of Zion (Tlas) 46–7
• Melville, Herman 75
• memory
  • collective 34, 39
  • and history 41
  • and identity 38
  • pass on to generations yet unborn 16
  • and Pesach story 7, 67
  • shared, links one generation to the next 2
• Merneptah Stele 15, 43
• Mesha Stele 43–4
• Mesopotamia 29
• messianic age 99–100, 103, 156
• “The Messianic Idea in Judaism” (Scholem) 99
• Micah
  • 4:4 34
  • 4:4–5 54–5
  • 6:5 37
  • 7:15 61
  • on peace 103
• Midrash, definition 119–21
• Mill, John Stuart 83, 89
• Milton, John 76–7
• Minogue, Kenneth 100
• Miriam 118–19, 120, 122, 127
• Mishael 126
• Mishna Avot
  • 2:8 138
  • 2:16 100
• Mishna Pesahim
  • 10:4 131, 132
  • 10:5 35
• A Model of Christian Charity (Winthrop) 79–80
• modernity 8, 1 02
• monotheism, Judaism the first 51
• Montefiore, Sir Moses 65
• morality 93–4
• Mordekhai (Mordechai) 126
• Moses
  • asked questions 136
  • and Burning Bush 22
  • called to lead the people out of Egypt 71
  • on commands 137
  • delayed circumcising his son 123
  • on the exodus from Egypt 36–7
  • forbidden to enter the Promised Land 152
  • and Freud 22–5
  • and God 19, 61, 121–2
  • had greatness thrust upon him 127
  • onheritage 12
  • human hero of the Exodus 117
  • on identity 20–1
  • and intervention 138
  • Israelites complained to 162
  • on Korah rebellion 125
  • on messianic age 99
  • named by Pharoah's daughter 122–3
  • on passing on memories to children 16
  • on remembering 38
  • spent his life travelling towards a land he was not allowed to enter 100
  • on why God chose the Israelites 104
• Moses and Monotheism (Freud) 22–3
• murder 52
• Muslims 45–7
• myth 30, 36, 149

N

• Nahmanides 71, 86
• Napoleon 64–5
• nasi 110, 112–13, 114
• nationalism, European 54, 64
• nature
  • and time 96, 97
  • world of myth saw the presence of the gods in 36
• Nebuchadnezzar 126
• negative freedom 87, 88
• Nehemiah 71, 138
• nemesis 150
• Netanya, bombing in 2002 50
• Neusner, Jacob 41
• Neusner on Judaism: Religion and Theology (Neusner) 41
• Nietzsche, Friedrich
  • blamed Judaism for the “falsification” of values 47
  • on time 96
• Nineveh 164–5
• Noah 51, 52
• Norwich blood libel 9
• Numbers, 15:16 32
• Nuremberg trials 124

O

• O’Brien, Conor Cruise 67
• O’Connell, Daniel 36
• Omer 85, 86, 91, 92
• optimism, and linear time 102–3
• organic politics 92

P

• parents, and teaching children 147–8
• particularity 53
• peace
  • God has faith that we will learn the lesson of 169-170
  • as an ideal 103
  • Judaism's dual concept of 105
• performative utterance 89
• Pesach
  • intensely political festival 6
  • and Jewish identity 20, 22
  • and the Omer 85, 86
  • a seed planted in Jewish memory 67
  • and slavery 103
• State of Israel would not have been born without 68
• Pharaoh, daughter of 122–3
• Pharisees 111
• philosophy, disastrous when applied to the political realm 103–4
• Philosophy of Symbolic Forms (Cassirer) 152
• Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Condorcet) 101
• Pilgrim Fathers 77
• Pinsker, Judah Leib 58, 65, 67
• Pirkei Avot 105
• Plato 78
• Plumb, J.H. 59
• Poetics (Aristotle) 150
• pogroms 3, 45
• political animals 88
• Politics (Minogue) 100
• politics of hope 104, 105
• poor, concern for 31
• Popper, Karl 102
• positive freedom 87
• post-modernity 102
• prejudice, and reason 101
• printing, invention of 76
• prophets
  • mandated by God to criticize kings when they abused their power 126
  • saw God in history 36
  • spoke truth to power 33
• Psalms
  • 23:1-4 70
  • 23:4 152
  • 30:7 104
  • 66:5 164
  • 79:6 45
  • 85:12 169
  • 90:12 85
  • 119:46 10
  • 137:5–6 71
• Pua 123–4, 126, 127
• Purim 43
• purpose, dignity of a 5

Q

• questions, asking 135–7, 1 38–9, 140
• Qumran community 111

R

• Rabi, Isidore 136
• race 48
• Rachel, only through God’s intervention does she conceive 165
• racial antisemitism 3, 48, 49–50, 54–5
• Ramses II 13, 15
• Rashi
  • on creation of man 137
  • on five cups of wine on the seder night 130–1
  • on the Israelites’ departure from Egypt 133
  • on Pesach 159–60
• Ravad of Posquières 130, 131
• reason, would banish prejudice 101
• Rebecca, only through God’s intervention does she conceive 165
• redemption
  • from Eden to the messianic age 103
  • and founding of State of Israel 3
  • and Pesach 6
  • what it means to meet God in 139
• Réflexions sur la Question Juive (Sartre) 47
• Reformation 76
• Reines, Rabbi Yitzhak Yaakov 66
• religion, civil 79, 82
• A Remembered Future (Fisch) 95
• remembering 37–8
  • see also memory
• Renaissance Italy 94
• responsibility 92
• retaliation 167
• Reuben 146
• revolutions 82–3, 103
• Roman empire 54, 63, 144
  • attitude to Jews 145
  • invention of the ghetto, 1555 45
  • rebellions against 7, 64
• Rome and Jerusalem (Hess) 145
• Roth, Cecil 107
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
  • on freedom 87
  • theorist of the French Revolution 82
• Rumanian Jews 70
• A Rumor of Angels (Berger) 122
• Russell, Bertrand 94
• Russian Jews 158
• Russian pogroms 3
• Russian Revolution 82, 83, 103

S

• Sabbath/Shabbat, and freedom 32, 33, 149
• Sadducees 111
• Saint-Simon, Henri de 82
• Samuel, and David 24
• Samuel, book of 30
• Sanhedrin 122
• Sarah
  • journey from Mesopotamia 29
  • only through God’s intervention does she conceive 159, 1 65
  • pretended to be Abraham’s sister 60
  • told to leave her land 71
  • Abraham bought burial plot for 14
• Sartre, Jean-Paul 47
• Saul, King 24
• Schaar, John 93
• Scholem, Gershom 99
• Schopenhauer, Arthur 47
• science
  • humanity would conquer ignorance through it 101
  • and race 48
• Scud missiles 69
• Second Temple 7, 62, 71
• self-hatred, Jewish 55
• Sen, Amartya 31–2
• Seneca 44
• seventh year 32
• Shabbetai Tzvi 64
• Shaftesbury, Lord 65
• Shammai 111
• Shavuot 85, 86
• She’elot uTeshuvot 136
• Shema 156
• Shifra 123–4, 126, 127
• Shimon bar Yohai, Rabbi 21, 63, 142–3
• sibling rivalry
  • and Cain 52
  • in Genesis 152
• Simeon 118, 146
• sin 59
• Singer, Isaac Bashevis 68
• slavery
  • abolition of 124–5
  • and biblical law 33
  • in Egypt 87
  • and Pesach 103
• slaves 32
• social animals 88
• social criticism 125–6
• societal beatitude 6
• Society for the Science of Judaism 40–1
• Socrates 135–6
• Sodom 159, 1 60–1
• Sofer, Hatam 112
• Solomon, King, built the Temple 71
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Joseph 162
• Sophocles 127
• Sota 127
• Spain
  • Jews expelled from in 1492 45
  • Jews pressured to convert to Christianity 144
• Spinoza, Baruch 65
• the state, role of 89
• Steinschneider, Moritz 41
• St George's Lecture 9–11
• the stranger
  • love of 53
  • rights and welfare of 32
• suffering, times of, Haggada kept hope alive 2
• Sukkot 86
• survival 154
• Syria 47

T

• Taglicht, Dr Israel 22
• Talmon, J.L. 82
• Tanhuma
  • Nitzavim 3 143
  • Vayeshev 4 164
• Tarfon, Rabbi 100, 107, 109, 110, 130, 131
• Temples
  • destroyed 7
  • First 62, 71
  • Second 62, 71
• Tertullian 136
• Thoreau, Henry David 124
• time 95–7, 98–9, 1 00
  • concept of in Egypt 15–16
  • covenantal 40, 102, 120
  • and freedom 32–3
  • linear 101, 102
• Tlas, Mustafa 46–7
• Tocqueville, Alexis de 81–2, 83
• tolerance 102
• totalitarian democracy 82
• Tractatus Theologico-Politicus (Spinoza) 65
• tragedy 150, 151, 152–3
• trust 89
• truth, and God 169
• Tuchman, Barbara 68
• Twerski, Abraham 135–6
• “Two Concepts of Liberty” (Berlin) 86–7
• Tyndale, William 76 Tzippora 123, 127

U

• United Nations
  • Conference against Racism, Durban, September 2001 49
  • resolution equating Zionism with racism, 1975 49
  • Universal Declaration of Human Rights 103, 126
• United States
  • and covenant 92–3
  • Declaration of Independence 93
    • see also America
• Universal Declaration of Human Rights 103, 126
• Urofsky, Melvin 33–4
• utopia now 33
• utopias 33

V

• vengeance 167
• Vespasian 111
• victimhood 56
• Viennese Jews 22
• violence 52
• Voegelin, Eric 98, 99
• Voltaire 47

W

• Warsaw ghetto, extermination of, 1943 50
• Washington, George 80
• The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (Landes) 95
• Weber, Max 63
• Weizmann, Chaim 67
• Wesker, Arnold 46
• White-Jacket (Melville) 75
• wicked son 142, 1 45–7, 148
• Windsor Castle 9–11
• wine, five cups 130–2
• Winthrop, John 79–80
• wisdom, questions 137
• Wistrich, Robert 44
• Wordsworth, William 36

Y

• Yavneh 112, 113, 114
• Yehoshua, Rabbi 66, 107, 109, 110, 114, 115
  • and Rabban Gamliel 112, 113, 116
• Yehudah bar Ilai, Rabbi 168
• Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim 37, 40
• Yishmael ben Elisha, Rabbi 142–3
• Yitro 51
• yizkor 38
• Yohanan ben Zakkai, Rabban 111–12, 114, 115
• Yokheved 117–18, 120, 127
• York massacre, 1190 9

Z

• zakhar 38
• Zakhor: Jewish History and Jewish Memory (Yerushalmi) 37–8, 40
• Zeus 150
• Zionism 66
• Zionist Congress, first 58
• Zunz, Leopold 41