The Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations

Overview

The year 2001 began as the United Nations Year of Dialogue between Civilizations. By its end, the phrase that came most readily to mind was ‘the clash of civilizations.’ The tragedy of September 11 intensified the danger caused by religious differences around the world. As the politics of identity begin to replace the politics of ideology, can religion become a force for peace?

The Dignity of Difference is Rabbi Jonathan Sacks’ radical proposal for reconciling hatreds. The first major statement by a Jewish leader on the ethics of globalization, it also marks a paradigm shift in the approach to religious coexistence. Rabbi Sacks argues that we must do more than search for values common to all faiths; we must also reframe the way we see our differences.

Index

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9/11 attacks  6–7, 8, 20, 175

A

• Abel  46, 183
• Abraham  59, 60, 113, 200
• Absolom  185–6
• absoluteness  55
• Adam  151
• adamah  150
• Afghanistan  41
• Africa  29, 106, 110, 136
• After Virtue (MacIntyre)  32
• agency  79, 85
• The Age of Access (Rifkin)  142
• agrarian society  116–17
• agriculture, improvements in  28
• AI  55–6
• aid  107, 110
• AIDS  106
• Akiva, Rabbi  96
• Albanians  177, 178
• Albert, Prince  27–8
• Alexandrian Empire  61
• alphabet  131–3, 140
• Althusius, Johannes  101
• altruism  91, 98, 144, 146, 147
  • reciprocal  157, 181
• American Constitution  205–6
• American culture  61–2
• American Declaration of Independence  133, 205, 206
• Amnon  185–6
• Amos  120–1
• ancient Egypt  92–3, 115, 129, 185, 204
• ancient Greece  19–20, 95, 180
• ancient Rome  19–20, 61
• Anderson, Benedict  128
• animal rights  168–9
• anti-globalization protests  67–8, 85–6
• Antiochus IV  61
• Aquinas  91
• Arendt, Hannah  179
• Aristotle  43, 48, 91, 95, 108
• Arnold, Matthew  26
• The Art of the Impossible (Havel)  45, 161
• Assyria  204
• atonement  184
• Austin, J. L.  202
• authoritarian populism  68
• autonomy  32, 61
• Avot de-Rabbi Nathan  177 Axelrod, Robert  147

B

• Babel  51, 52
• Bachya, Rabbenu  87, 95
• Bacon, Francis  131
• Balkans  177–8
• Barber, Benjamin  30, 38, 61
• bats  162
• Battle of Kosovo, 1389  177–8
• Bauman, Zygmunt  24, 76, 123
• Bellah, Robert  72
• belonging  199
• Benjamin  184
• Berlin, Isaiah  18, 45, 62–3, 115–16, 178
• Berlin, Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehudah  52
• the Bible
  • and big government  92–3
  • commands us to ‘love the stranger’  58–9
  • and forgiveness  182–6
  • key source of ecological awareness  164–8
  • and language  150–1
  • on poverty  116–18
  • and printing  126, 127
  • and radical transcendence of God  55
  • and universalism  50–1, 54
  • see also Exodus; Genesis; Leviticus
• biblical ethics  56–60
• big government  92–3
• binding, of religion  42
• birds  163
• Blumenfeld, Laura  188–9
• Boaz  59
• Bôlsa-Escola scheme  140
• Book of Psalms  63–4, 115, 164, 166–7, 183
• bowling alone  153
• brain size  147
• Brazil  140
• Britain
  • and child poverty  108
  • and compulsory education  138
  • and inequalities  29–30
• Brittan, Samuel  159
• brothers  183, 184
• Brown, Gordon  118
• BSE  171
• Burke, Edmund  76, 152, 205

C

• Cain  46, 183
• Calvinism  90
• capitalism  20, 28, 85–6, 90, 192, 195, 196–7
• Catholic Church  4
• Catholic ethic  90
• change  68–71, 72, 75–6, 81
• chaos theory  72
• charity  113, 114
  • see also tzedakah
• Chemosh  47
• child poverty  108
• children
  • and education  136, 138–9, 140–1
  • and inequalities  29, 106
  • and parents’ love  181
  • spend less time with parents  155
• China  4, 91, 109
• Chinese language  130
• choice  73–5, 80, 85, 195
• Christianity  19–20, 52, 53, 61, 195, 198
• chukkim  168
• citizenship, universal  134
• the city, and politics  41–2
• civilizations  17, 37–8, 172
  • clash of  23, 37, 198
• civil society  16, 152, 156, 157, 158
• Clinton, Bill  26
• cloning  55–6, 193
• collective atonement  184
• collective freedom  116
• collective good  174
  • see also common good
• commerce, and peace  102
• common good  11, 32, 34, 35
• communism, Catholic Church, active in fall of  4
• communists  90
• communitarians  152
• communities  31, 156, 159, 193
• comparative advantage, law of  101, 173
• compassion  17, 174, 195
• competition  99, 100, 142–3, 153–4, 159, 174
• compulsory education  138
• computers  68, 69, 72, 140
• confidence  67
• conflict resolution  4–6
• confrontation, culture of  3
• conservation  17, 174
• conservative religious movements  18
• Consilience (Wilson)  172–3
• conspicuous consumption  99
• consumer cultures  76–7
• consumer society  40, 157
• consumption  40, 99, 193
• contractual relationships  149–50
• contribution  17, 174
• control  17, 71–3, 78–9, 85, 174
• conversation  2–3, 23, 83–4, 175
• co-operation  17, 147, 148, 154, 158, 159, 174
• Copernicus, Nicolaus  36
• corporate responsibility  86, 110
• corporations  34–5, 86, 99, 110
• covenantal relationships  143, 149–50, 151–2, 174
• covenants  55, 151, 157, 172, 200, 202–6
  • global  209
  • and sign of the rainbow  182
  • Sinai  133–5
• creation  53–4, 164
• creativity  17, 96, 137, 140, 159, 174
• crime, urban  68
• The Crisis of Global Capitalism (Soros)  154–5
• Croats  178
• Crusades  47, 190
• cultural lag  69
• culture  37–8, 61–2, 77, 92, 128
  • diverse  54, 62
  • and globalization  30–1
• cuneiform  129
• cynicism, institutionalized  77

D

• Darwin, Charles  142, 146
• Darwinism  74
• David, King  122–3, 151
• Day of Atonement  184, 185
• debt relief  117, 118
• democratic capitalism  196
• demoralization  78–9
• Descartes, René  36, 150
• Deuteronomy  117, 118–19, 137, 168
• development as freedom  115–16
• Diamon, Jared  163
• difference, and politics  41, 42, 43
• digital divide  29, 109
• Disraeli, Benjamin  84
• diversity  101, 173
• divorce  71
• DNA  53–4
• Donne, John  26–7, 209
• Durkheim, Émile  73–4, 81

E

• earth, diversity on  53–4
• earth worshippers  164
• Easter Island  161–2
• Eastern European Bund  90
• Ecclesiastes  98
• Ecclesiastes Rabbah  1
• ecology  164–8
  • see also the environment
• economic crisis, South East Asia  72
• economic growth  144, 145
• economic independence  93, 96
• economic relationships  149
• economics  4, 41, 43, 88–9, 174
• economic systems  4
• education  81, 136–9, 140–1, 174
• Egypt  92–3, 115, 129, 185, 204
• Elazar, Daniel  151
• the electronic herd  72
• elites, global  35
• employment  29, 70–1, 89, 107–8, 110–11, 154, 193
• Encyclopaedia Britannica  154
• ‘The End of History’ (Fukuyama)  196
• the Enlightenment  20, 61, 112
• the environment  16, 33, 161–73, 193
• environmental movement  85
• epidemiology  72
• equality  120–1, 133
• Esau  183
• Essenes  90
• ethical socialism  90–1
• ethics  32, 36, 56–60, 89, 136
• ethnic wars  193
• European Union  40
• evangelical Protestantism  4
• Exodus  114–15, 133–4, 167
• extinction of species  168, 193
• extremism  68, 193
• Ezra  137–8

F

• fair trading  89
• faiths
  • compass of mankind  12
  • as force for peace  4–6
  • immune to the pressures of the market  158–9
  • and those who do not share the same one  45–6
  • and toleration  199
  • value of  208–9
  • see also religion
• the family  31, 70, 149, 155, 193
• famine  106, 110
• far-right political parties  67
• fear  84, 85
• finance, and Islam  90
• Fishbane, Michael  204
• the Flood  93, 182, 209
• forgetting, and forgiving  182
• forgiveness  177, 178, 178–90, 182
• fraternity  183
• Frazer, Sir James  98
• freedom  11–12, 73, 85, 115–16, 119
  • and the free economy  159
  • is refutation of tragedy  180
  • and restraint  175
  • without meaning  157
• free economy  159
  • see also market economy
• free market  14–15, 16, 37, 87, 175, 196
  • and Judaism  91, 99–100
• Freud, Sigmund  20, 74
• Friedman, Thomas  72, 85, 102
• friendship  77, 151
• Fukuyama, Francis  37, 40, 151–2, 196, 197, 198–9
• fundamentalism  175, 193, 201
• funerals  80
• The Future of Success (Reich)  67

G

• Gaia hypothesis  164
• gain, individual and collective  144
• Galbraith, J. K.  99
• Galileo  36
• games theory  145–7
• GDP  29
• Generous  181–2
• genes  53–4, 74, 193
• Genesis  51–2, 92, 113, 133, 164, 206
  • and nature  D165–6
  • on work  94
• George, Henry  105
• givenness of life  74
• Gladwell, Malcolm  72
• ‘global arches’ theory  102
• global capitalism  20, 28, 85–6, 192, 196, 198
• global communications  136, 140
• global corporation  34–5
  • see also multinational corporations
• global covenant  205, 209
• global elites  35
• globalization  3–9, 11, 12, 24–43, 48, 85, 193
  • and Bauman  123
  • and decentralization of power  200
  • and ethics  136
  • and the free market  87
  • and Judaism  13
  • and public protests  14
  • and religion  17–18
  • and wealth  105, 122
• global peace  6
• global warming  193
• God
  • of all mankind  65
  • covenant with  172
  • and forgiveness  182
  • and his image  60
  • and hope  207
  • is personal  180
  • and Noah  93
  • as parent  56
  • relationship with  55
  • and Sinai covenant  133–4, 135
  • unity of  53
  • on victims of injustice and inequity  115
• Gompertz, Lewis  168–9
• Gorgias (Plato)  95
• Gottwald, Norman  135
• governments
  • and the common good  34
  • necessary for defence and social order  93
• Gray, John  156
• Greece  19–20, 95, 180
• Ground Zero  1
• grudge, bear  186
• Gutenberg, Johannes  126

H

• Hanafite school of Islamic jurisprudence  90
• ‘Hatikvah’  206
• Havel, Václav  45, 161
• Hebrew Bible  164–8
  • see also the Bible
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich  128
• Heisenberg, Werner  72
• Heller, Joseph  207
• Heschel, A. J.  121
• Heyerdal, Thor  162
• hieroglyphics  129
• Hirsch, Samson Raphael  165–6, 168
• Hispanics  137
• Hobbes, Thomas  142, 143, 149, 150, 194
• Hobson, J. A.  91
• Holocaust  46, 190
• Holy Roman Empire  42
• homes, changing  71
• Honi the Circle-Drawer  169–70
• honour  120–1
• hope  81, 102, 206–7, 209
• hubris  52, 85, 172–3, 180
• Hulme, David  96
• human genome  53–4, 74, 193
• human honour  120–1
• human rights  62
• human solidarity  17
• human uniqueness  193
• Hume, David  30, 98
• humiliation  119
• hunger  123
  • see also starvation
• hunting, excessive  163
• Huntington, Samuel  17, 37, 198

I

• identity  8, 10, 41, 46–7, 150–1, 152
• Ignatieff, Michael  38–9, 39, 187, 199
• illiteracy  136
• The Imperative of Responsibility (Jonas)  32
• income inequality  15, 29, 105, 106–7, 111, 193, 195
• indebtedness  117
• independence  96, 119–20, 123
• India  109
• industrialization  68
• industrial revolution  91–2
• inequalities  30, 115, 122
  • wealth  15, 29, 105–6, 111, 193, 195
• infant mortality  29
• information technology  15, 125, 140
• injustice  57, 115
• insecurity  68, 71, 84, 85, 155
• interconnectedness  33
• international aid  107, 110
• internationalization of images and artefacts  30–1
• International Year of Dialoge between Civilizations  5
• the Internet  69, 72, 140
• intolerance  62–3
• Iraq  41
• Isaac  183
• Isaiah  3, 88–9, 121, 204
• ishah  150
• Ishmael  183
• Ishmael, Rabbi  88
• Islam  19–20, 52, 61, 85, 195, 198
  • and finance  90
  • upsurge  4
• Israelis  189–90
• Israelites  47, 59, 115, 133–4, 184, 185
• Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma  147, 148, 153, 182

J

• Jacob  59, 183
• James, William  192
• Jeremiah  121
• Jews
  • and development of the market economy  90
  • and education  138
  • Spanish  138–9
• ‘Jihad vs. McWorld’ (Barber)  38
• jobs  30, 70–1
  • see also employment
• Jonas, Hans  32, 170
• Jonathan  151
• Joseph  183–4
• Josephus  138
• Jubilee 2000  13, 118
• Jubilee year  117–18, 167–8
• Judah  184
• Judaism  12–13, 49–50, 52–3, 60–1, 112–21
  • 4,000 years old  195
  • and economic independence  96
  • and education  137–9
  • and the free market  91, 99–100
  • insisted that every individual is sacred  92
  • on poverty  97–9
  • and study  95–6
  • and theology of hope  102
  • values free economy  159
• Judeo-Christian ethic  92, 93–5
• justice  113, 114, 121, 182, 186–7

K

• Kallen, Horace  204
• kavod habriyot  120–1
• kinship  81
• Klein, Naomi  110
• knowledge
  • democratization of  140
  • grows when shared  140
  • and power  132, 137
• Kook, Rabbi Abraham  64–5
• Kosovo  177–8
• kuppah  118

L

• labour
  • dignity of  93–6
  • division of  144
• Landes, David  91–2, 93
• language  54–5, 128, 150–1
• Lasch, Christopher  172
• Latin America  136–7
• law of comparative advantage  101, 173
• Leibniz, Gottfried  22
• Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre-Paul  96–7
• Leviathan (Hobbes)  142, 194
• Leviticus  114, 117, 167–8
• liberty  200
  • see also freedom
• life expectancy  29
• lifelong learning  139
• life well lived  80, 157
• limited government  93
• limits, sense of  172
• Lincoln, Abraham  84
• Lindblom, Johannes  121
• literacy  127, 136, 138
• local communities  159
• Locke, John  36, 149, 150
• love  55–6, 58, 81, 180–1, 190, 193
• Lovelock, James  164
• loyalty  81, 151, 154, 155
• Luther, Martin  126–7
• Luxemburg, Rosa  90
• Lyberth, Angaangaq  6

M

• Macaria  127
• MacIntyre, Alasdair  32
• ‘mad cow disease’  171
• Maimonides, Moses  20, 69, 95–6, 166, 185–6, 187
  • on sabbatical years  167
  • on tzedakah  119–20
• Maine, Sir Henry  8
• Malachi  60
• malnutrition  106
• Mandela, Nelson  84
• Mandeville, Bernard  98, 143
• manufacturing  111
• Maoris  162–3
• market capitalism  195
• market economy  14–15, 16, 37, 87–9, 90, 98
• market exchange  100–1, 144
• market fundamentalism  88, 159
• markets  22, 33–4, 35, 87–9, 144–5, 193
  • favoured by rabbis  99–100
  • inequalities  122
  • maximize choice  73
  • and religion  158–9
  • and self-interest  98
• market values  155
• marriage  70–1, 81, 151, 157
• Marvell, Andrew  127
• Marx, Karl  11, 73, 90
• maximizing animal  194
• McWorld  30, 61–2
• Mead, George Herbert  150
• meaning-seeking animal  194
• medieval Christianity  19–20
• melakhah  96
• mercy  181, 182
• Mesopotamia  60
• micro-lending  117
• Mile East
  • and peace  189–90
  • violence  67
• Midrash, Ecclesiastes Rabbah  1
• military societies  102
• Mill, John Stuart  93
• Millennium World Peace Summit  5–6
• mishpat  113, 115
• moa  162
• Moabites  47
• modernity  21–2, 72, 74–5, 109, 171–2, 195
  • and competition  142
  • and Jonas  32
  • and religion  36, 194
• Montesquieu  102, 143, 178
• moral choices  195
• Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (Gompertz)  169
• morality  32, 57–8, 78–9, 81, 82–3, 84–5, 86
• moral language, collapse of  3
• moral relativism  198–9
• moral responsibility  35, 78, 85
• moral sense  35
• moral universals  57
• moral value  193
• moral vision  84
• Moses  57, 59, 60, 184, 185
  • and covenants  204–5
  • on education  137
  • and Korach rebellion  92
• Moses (George)  105
• mourning  188
• multinational corporations  34–5, 109–10, 137

N

• Nahmanides  168
• Nash, Ogden  178
• nationalism  47, 60–1, 178
• nation-states  71–2, 110–11, 195
• natural environment  16, 33
• natural resources  193
• natural world  53–4
• nature  16, 33, 161–73, 174
• Nehemiah  138
• neighbourhoods, economically segregated  31
• nemesis  180
• neo-Darwinians  74
• Neumann, John von  145
• newspapers  128
• new technologies  109
  • see also technology
• New Testaments  126
• Newton, Isaac  36
• new world order  5
• New York  1
• New Zealand  162–3
• Noah  93, 182, 200, 209
• No Logo (Klein)  110
• Novak, Martin  181–2
• Novak, Michael  90, 100, 196
• Nye, Joseph  137

O

• Ogburn, William  69
• Ong, Walter J.  125, 130
• optimism  206
• oral cultures  130
• Orality and Literacy (Ong)  125
• The Origin of Species (Darwin)  142
• Ottoman Empire  61
• the outsider  61

P

• Palestinians  189–90
• parenthood  55, 81, 181
• parents  56, 58, 70, 155, 181
• the particular  49, 50–1, 56, 57–8, 63
• particularism  207
• particularities  19, 55
• Pascal, Blaise  143
• Passmore, John  164, 166
• Passover  59, 112
• peace  4–6, 7–8, 9–11, 102, 189, 203
• persecution  178
• personal responsibility  78
• personal stability zones  70–1
• Petrie, William Flinders  131
• Phaedrus (Plato)  130
• philosophical ethics  56–7
• place, commercialization of  156
• place for life  70–1
• places of worship  156, 157
• Plamenatz, John  199
• Plato  19, 48–9, 91, 95, 108, 130
  • and religion  43
  • and universality of truth  54
• Plato’s ghost  19, 20, 48, 50, 61
• pluralism  203, 204
• Plutarch  95
• Politica (Althusius)  101
• political extremism  68
• political relationships  149
• politics  4, 34, 36, 40, 41, 43
  • origin of word  41–2
• The Politics (Aristotle)  91
• politics of insecurity  68
• populism, authoritarian  68
• postmodernity  72
• poverty  31, 97–9, 116–19, 122, 123, 174, 192
  • in Britain  29, 108
  • in Latin America  136
  • and modernity  109
• power
  • decentralization of  200
  • and knowledge  132, 137
  • moral limits of  93
  • and religion  43
• Pragmatism (James)  192
• the press  127–8
• priests  135
• primary education  140
• printing  126–8
• Prisoner’s Dilemma  145–8, 153, 174, 181, 182, 189
• private choice  41
• property  93, 114
• property rights  92
• Protestant ethic  90
• Protestantism  4, 36
• protests  14, 16–17, 26, 67–8, 85–6
• Proverbs  99
• Psalm 8  164
• Psalm 85  63–4
• Psalm 104  166–7
• Psalm 146  115
• public goods  35, 41
• public reason  3
• public services  31–2
• public spaces  156
• Puritanism  36
• Putnam, Hilary  170
• Putnam, Robert  153

Q

R

• race riots  67
• rachamim  181
• radio  69
• rainbow  182
• rain forests  163
• Raphael  48
• Rapoport, Anatole  147
• rationalism  D165
• Rav  96, 97
• Rava  88
• Rawls, John  3, 34
• reading  127, 128
• reason  3, 36
• reasoning together  3
• reciprocal altruism  157, 181
• reciprocity  151
• reconciliation  84, 182, 185, 187
• redemption  190
• redistribution  122–3
• reflexivity  72
• the Reformation  126
• Reich, Robert  32, 67, 77, 111, 154
• relationships  77–8, 79, 80, 81, 155–6, 159
• relative poverty  119
• relativism  198–9
• religion  39–43, 81–2, 193–4, 196, 198
  • ability to survive  195
  • and campaign against terror  9
  • and globalization  17–18
  • and hope for conflict resolution  4–6
  • immune to the pressures of the market  158–9
  • leads to peace or war  7, 9–11
  • and nature  164–71
  • origin of word  42
  • and persecution  178
  • and politics  43
  • resurgence  36–7
  • source of wisdom  12
  • and violence  46
• religious extremism  68
• religious law, rule by  41
• religious leaders  5–6, 41
• representative democracy  194, 195
• The Republic (Plato)  43, 49, 91
• respect  159
• responsibility  78, 79, 80, 84, 86, 89, 121
  • corporate  110
  • and covenants  205, 209
  • to future generations  169–71, 172
  • global economic  111–12
  • and globalization  123
  • and wealth  99
• restraint  78, 172, 175
• retaliation  178, 186–7
• retribution  187
• retributive justice  113, 182
• revenge  185–6, 187
• reverence  172
• Ricardo, David  101, 173
• Ridley, Matt  53–4
• Rifkin, Jeremy  142, 155–6
• right political parties  67
• rights  32, 62
• riots  67
• Roggeveen, Jakob  161
• romantic nationalism  47
• Rome  19–20, 61
• Rousseau, Henri  149
• RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)  168–9
• rule of law  113, 115
• Ruth  59

S

• the Sabbath  167
• sabbatical years  116–18, 167–8
• safety-nets  29–30
• salvation  52–3
• Samuel  93, 151, 205
• Sandel, Michael  18
• Sarah  60
• Saul, King  205
• School at Athens (Raphael)  48
• schools  136, 140
• Schumpeter, Joseph  31, 39
• science  36, 40, 43, 194
• Scruton, Roger  158–9, 171
• Seabrook, Jeremy  75–6
• secularization  10–11, 193, 199
• self-interest  98, 144, 146, 147–8, 150, 153, 174
• self-respect  119–20
• self-sufficiency  120
• Selznick, Philip  202–3, 206
• Sen, Amartya  115–16
• September 11 attacks  6–7, 8, 20, 175
• Serbs  177, 178
• service industries  111
• Shakespeare, William  132
• Shimon ben Elazar, Rabbi  94
• Shinar  51–2
• sibling rivalry  183
• Sierra Leone  29
• Sinai covenant  133–5
• Singer, Peter  169
• Smith, Adam  78, 91, 98, 102, 144, 153, 194
• social breakdowns  31
• social capital  148, 152, 153, 157
• social change  81
  • see also change
• social contract  149, 205
• Social Darwinians  142
• socialism  90–1
• social justice  114, 168
• social life institutions, breakdown  70–1
• social solidarity  31–2
  • see also solidarity
• sociobiology  181–2
• Socrates  95, 130
• soft power  137
• solidarity  17, 31–2, 121, 123
• Solomon, King  190
• Sombart, Werner  90
• Soros, George  88, 122, 154–5, 159
• South East Asia, economic crisis  72
• sovereignty, loss  78
• Soviet Union, collapse  40
• Spanish Jews  138–9
• species protection  168, 193
• Spencer, Herbert  142
• Spielberg, Steven  55–6
• Spinoza, Baruch  73
• stammering  70
• starvation  106, 110
• statutes, in the Bible  168
• stem-cell research  169
• Stiglitz, Joseph  109
• strangers  58–60, 62, 151, 207, 208
• stress, and control  72–3
• stress-related syndromes  31
• suicide  73–4
• Succot  112
• super-empowered individuals  197–8
• support networks  31, 193
• sustainability  167
• Swift, Jonathan  4

T

• Talmud  88, 95, 122, 169–70
• technology  68–9, 109, 125–6, 192, 194–5
• television  3
• terrorism  8–9, 200
  • campaign against  9
  • World Trade Center attack  6–7, 8, 20, 175
• The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith)  153
• ‘thick’ context-laden morality  57–8
• ‘thin’ morality  112
• time
  • awareness of  128
  • commercialization of  155, 156
  • experience of  25–6
• The Tipping Point (Gladwell)  72
• Tit-for-Tat  147, 181–2
• Tocqueville, Alexis de  37, 152, 171, 172
• Toffler, Alvin  70
• tolerance  61, 209
• toleration  199, 200
• totalitarianism  52, 158
• trade  102–3, 173–4
• tragedy  102, 180
• tribalism  19, 46–7, 60–2, 193
• Trotsky, Leon  90
• trust  31–2, 148, 150, 153, 154, 157, 158
  • absence  189
  • and covenants  151, 152
• trusteeship  114
• truth  19, 23, 36, 49, 54, 63–4, 84
• Two Concepts of Liberty (Berlin)  18
• tzedakah  113–14, 115, 118, 119–20, 122, 123

U

• uncertainty  25, 68, 80, 200
• uncertainty principle  72
• unemployment  30, 111
• uniqueness, human  193
• United Nations (UN)  5–6
• United Nations Development Programme  106–7
• United States
  • Constitution  205–6
  • culture  61–2
  • Declaration of Independence  133, 205, 206
  • and Hispanics  137
  • and income inequality  29, 107–8
  • and reduction in welfare services  30
• universal citizenship  134
• universalism  20, 47, 49–51, 52, 56, 60–1, 62
• universality  49, 54–5, 58
• universal literacy  138
• urban crime  68

V

• Vico, Giambattista  143, 144
• Victorian era  68
• violence
  • and belonging  199
  • conversation, as antedote to  2–3
  • in the Mile East  67
  • and misuse of religion  46
• virtual communities  156
• visual image versus voice of reason  3
• in vitro fertilization  169
• Voegelin, Eric  132
• Volksgeist  47
• Voltaire  194
• voluntary groups  157
• vulnerability  200

W

• Walzer, Michael  57–8
• wars  7, 8–9, 23, 47, 102
• wealth  97, 98, 99, 112, 122, 137, 142
  • inequality  15, 29, 105, 106–7, 111, 193, 195
• The Wealth of Nations (Smith)  144, 153, 194
• Weber, Max  90, 97, D165
• Weigel, George  37
• welfare services  29–30
• Wells, H. G.  138
• Whitehead, Alfred North  19, 25–6
• Wilde, Oscar  76
• Williams, Bernard  32
• Wilson, E. O.  172–3
• wisdom  12, 64–5
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig  150
• Wolf, Martin  105
• women, and literacy  136
• work
  • dignity of  93–6
  • insecurity  155
• working conditions  110
• World Bank  159
• World Trade Center  1, 6–7, 20
• writing, invention of  128–31
• wrongdoing  180
• Wycliffe, John  126

X

Y

Z