Future Tense: A Vision for Jews and Judaism in the Global Culture

Overview

For Jews and for Judaism the twentieth century brought unprecedented suffering and incredible achievements – but as the new century gets going, their role in the future is up for grabs. Future Tense refutes the arguments for isolationism and self-sufficiency that have proven so tempting down through history, instead making the case that Jews and Judaism must renew their sense of hope and purpose to engage positively with the developing global culture.

Index

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• 7 July 2005 terrorist attacks  102
• 614th commandment  59

A

• Abel  82, 187
• Abimelech, king of the Philistines  81–2, 215, 216
• Abarbanel  160, 230
• Abraham  20, 23–4, 72, 75, 78, 215–16
  • and covenant  80, 212, 214
  • and God  9, 76, 84–5, 193–4, 195, 200, 250
  • and Islam  73
  • journey from Mesopotamia  77
  • journey from Ur  137
  • journey to Israel  141
  • and land  132, 237–8
  • and Lot  151
  • univeralist and particularist  118
  • and use of Hashem  217
• Abrahamic covenant  134
• Absalom  188
• Abu Hamza  103
• Adam  82, 186–7, 249–50
  • and freedom  242
  • and hearing  192
• Adorno, Theodor  207
• adult education  52, 53–4
• Adversos Judeos literature  94
• African-Americans  13–15
• Age of Reason  209
• agunah  204
• Ahab, King  161
• Ahasuerus, King  110–11
• Akiva, Rabbi  212
• Alexander the Great  93
• aliyah  144
• Alkalai, Rabbi Yehudah  143
• All-Party Parliamentary Committee on antisemitism  109
• Almohads  104
• Almoravids  104
• alone, dwelling see dwelling alone
• Alroy and Tancred (Disraeli)  133
• am  36
• Amalekites  140
• ambivalence  56, 58, 60
• America
  • and assimilation  58
  • and civil society  102
  • and covenants  155–7, 168
  • and immigrants  58, 62
  • and protests against war in Gaza  90
  • and universities  210
  • see also United States
• American Jews  50–1, 53–4, 58, 59–60, 62, 123
• Amiel, Rabbi Moshe Avigdor  201–2
• Amnon  188
• ananke  242, 244
• al-Andalus  106
• Anderson, Benedict  101
• Anglo-Jewry  52–3
• Anjou  95
• Annan, Kofi  113, 146
• Anouilh, Jean  245
• anthologies of argument  183
• The Antichrist (Nietzsche)  21
• Antigone (Anouilh)  245
• anti-imperialism  81
• anti-Jewish myths  93
• Antiochus IV  141, 224
• anti-racist legislation  16
• antisemitism  5, 6, 16, 18, 47, 69–70, 71–2, 99–111
  • attacks, 2009  9, 89, 90
  • came and stayed  91
  • and criticism  98, 252
  • in Europe  143–4, 168
  • failure to accept that we are diverse  129
  • Islamic  104
  • and Israel  1, 132
  • as mutating virus  92–8
  • name coined by Wilhelm Marr  96
  • and new media  256
  • and pogroms in Russia  27
  • in Russian working classes  124
  • and Sartre  58–9
  • and Voltaire  207
• anti-Zionism  85, 97–8, 117, 128
• Anwar el-Sadat, President  147
• apartheid  113
• Apion  93
• Aquinas  232
• Arab League, meeting in Khartoum 1967  146
• Arafat, Yasser  147, 149–50
• Arendt, Hannah  110
• arguments  118–19, 183, 193–6, 205
  • for the sake of heaven  195–6, 197, 202
• Aristotle  79, 224, 245
  • on the Jews  93
• army, Israeli  169
• Arnold, Matthew  9
• arts, Jewish  52
• Ashkenazi Jews/Ashkenazim  34, 37
• Asia  62
• assimilation  1–2, 16, 58, 107, 256
• Assyrians  74, 141
• atheists  209
• Athenians  189
  • see also Greeks
• The Audacity of Hope (Obama)  15
• audi alteram partem  195
• Augustine  73, 232
• Auschwitz  88, 109, 110, 144
  • survived by laughing  254–5
  • television programme from  253
• Australia  53
• Auto-Emancipation (Pinsker)  143 Axelrod, Pavel  124

B

• Baal prophets  192, 193
• Baal Shem Tov  142
• Babel, Tower of  76–7, 78, 79, 83, 137
• Babylon  62, 239
• Babylonian exile  43
• Babylonians  141
• Babylonian Talmud  177, 183, 187, 190
• Babylonian ziggurats  77
• badad  114–15
• Baghdad  106
• Balaam  114, 115, 256
• Balfour Declaration  132, 144
• Bandar bin Sultan, Prince  146–7
• Barak, Ehud  147
• barbarians  258
• Barber, Benjamin  86, 258
• Bar Kochba  241
• Bar Kochba Rebellion  43, 141, 202
• Basra  106
• battle, losing  261–2, 263
• Beck, Aaron T.  21, 229
• Begnini, Roberto  254
• believing  47
• Bellow, Saul  207
• belonging  47
• Bene Israel  62
• Ben Gurion, David  18, 62, 146, 157–8, 168–9
  • and national narrative  171
  • on Sephardi Jews  170
  • sought to create a national culture  168–9
• Benjamin, Walter  207
• Berber Jews  62
• Berenson, Bernard  207
• Bergen-Belsen  144
• Bergson, Henri  207
• Berlin  53, 58
• Berlin, Rabbi Naftali Zvi Yehudah  76–7, 79
• Berlin, Sir Isaiah  229–30, 258
• Beta Israel  62
• Bezalel  220
• Bialik, Hayim Nahman  65
• the Bible  73, 75–6, 171, 211
  • and arguments  183
  • and badad  114
  • and concept of time  234–5
  • on covenants  164
  • description of Jews  36
  • and freedom  242–3
  • and godliness outside Abrahamic covenant  82
  • and Hakhel  173
  • laws precede the land  165
  • mistranslations  232–3
  • read as a political document  167
  • story without an ending  237–40
  • sustained protest against empire  78
  • and universality and particularity  80
• birth pangs  55
• Birthright  46, 54
• blind fate  242, 249
• blood  106
• Blood Libel  99, 104–5, 128
• Bohemia  58
• bones, valley of  152, 153
• Booker, Christopher  237
• Brandeis, Louis  207
• Brien, Alan  189
• Britain
  • antisemitic attacks, 2009  9, 89
  • and civil society  102
• brit goral  37
• British Jews  52–3, 62
• British Muslims  8
• Brittany  95
• brit ye’ud  37, 38
• Brown, Gordon  109–10
• Buber, Martin  28
• Bukharan Jews  62
• Bush, George W.  173
• Buss, David  21

C

• Cahill, Thomas  234
• Cain  73, 82, 187–8, 242
• Cairo Museum  49
• the Caliphate  86
• the call  23–4
• Canada  53
• Canetti, Elias  207
• Caracas  89
• Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan  207
• Carlebach, Shlomo  119
• Cassirer, Ernst  234
• Caucasus  62
• census  67–8
• central Asia  62
• Central Europe  53
• cerebral lesion  210
• Chabad  19
• Chajes, Rabbi Zvi Hisch  160, 161, 162
• change  236
• Chanina, Rabbi  32
• charity-as-justice  252, 257
• Chateaubriand, François-René de  143
• Chavez, Hugo  90
• Chicago  90
• China  72
• Chinese ideogram for crisis  55
• Chmielnicki pogroms  95, 120
• chokhmah  219, 220, 226, 228, 229, 230
  • a mitzvah  223
  • and truth  221–2
• chokhmah Yevanit  223–4
• choosing life  20–1, 22, 23
• Christian Bibles  232
• Christianity  22, 73, 209, 249
  • and antisemitism  72–4, 93–4
  • and messiah  241
• Christians  83, 87–8
• Chua, Amy  72
• Chwolson, Professor Daniel  208
• citron  66
• civilisations  63, 68, 69, 259
• civility  181, 182, 204
• civil rights  116
• Civil Rights Movement, US  14
• civil society  164, 166, 169, 174–6
  • in America  102, 173
  • and covenants  260
• Clermont-Tonnerre, Count Stanislas de  95–6
• Clines, David  237
• Clinton, President Bill  147, 149–50, 156
• Coexist Foundation  109
• cognitive dissonance  66
• Cohen, Rabbi David  190
• collective responsibility  40–5
• command  64, 65
• commonalities  87
• Common Sense (Paine)  166
• Commonwealth Jewry  53
• communism  117, 123–5, 127
• community centres  53
• community of fate  46
• compassion  135, 175
• competition  175
• concentration camps  54
  • see also Auschwitz
• Confessions (Augustine)  232
• conflict containment  182, 203
• conflict resolution  204
• Confucian continuity  8
• conquest  81
• Conservative Judaism  27
• conspiracy theories  110
• constitutional monarchy  161
• consumerism  174
• contempt  104
• continuity  65
  • Jewish  1–2, 8, 51–5, 64, 70, 119
• contracts  160–1, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167
  • American Constitution, 1787  168
• contradiction, law of  197
• contributions to civilisation  68, 69
• conversation  183, 184, 185, 187, 204, 205
  • between Cain and Abel  188
  • and justice  195
  • and listening  189
  • and truth  198
• conversion  36, 50, 81, 107, 119, 257
• co-operation
  • and covenantal goods  175
  • interfaith  109–10
• Cotler, Professor Irwin  113–14
• covenantal goods  175
• covenantal societies  168
• covenants  80, 81, 85, 134, 212, 214
  • American  155–7, 168, 172
  • and civil society  260
  • and contracts  166
  • of faith  37, 38, 45, 47
  • of fate  37, 45
  • and the Flood  79
  • and Hakhel  173
  • and Moses  162–4
  • with Noah  213, 217
  • and social contracts  167
• creation  217, 221, 226, 228
  • meaning of  243
  • and wisdom  220
• creativity  54, 64, 249
• crisis, Chinese ideogram for  55
• criticism  98, 252, 261
• Crusades  34, 54, 94
• cultural centre, Jewish  52
• cultural diversity  111
• culture  63, 64, 65, 224–5
  • Judaic political  158
  • national  168–9
• curses  40–1, 44, 115
• cyclical time  234, 235, 243

D

• Daniel Deronda (Eliot)  11–12, 24
• Darwin, Charles  21
• Daube, David  230
• David, King  167
• Dawidowicz, Lucy  59–60
• Day of Atonement  66, 247
• Days of Awe  247
• death instinct  21
• Declaration of Independence, 1776 (America)  168
• Declaration of Independence, 1948 (Israel)  146
• delegitimisation  16, 19, 146
• democracy  249
• Democracy in America (Tocqueville)  166–7, 176–7
• demonic anti-Judaism  95
• Derrida, Jacques  207
• destiny  134–5
• Deuteronomy
  • 4:6  75, 220
  • 4:8  221
  • 4:12  190
  • 6:7  64
  • 7:7  68
  • 10:17–19  84
  • 11:10–12  139
  • 11:26–7  191
  • 17:14  179
  • 17:14–15  160
  • 28:10  127
  • 31:12  173
  • 33:4  221
• dhimmi  73, 104
• dialogues  184–5
• Diaspora  2, 3, 16, 35, 43
  • and civil society  176
  • and covenant of faith  45
  • and Israel  46–7
  • and outmarriage  50, 118
  • rejection of  126
  • and schools  181
  • and Vital  25–6, 29
• difference  79, 80, 81, 83, 87
  • hatred of  111
  • and respect  86
• dignity  79, 176, 260
  • of difference  80, 81
  • of dissent  200
  • and justice  195
• diplomacy  182, 204
• disaffiliation  1–2
• Disraeli, Benjamin  133
• dissident voices  198–200
• diversity  79, 129
• divine sovereignty  79
• divorce  204
• ‘Doctor’s Plot’ show trial  125
• Do Hard Things: A Teenage Rebellion against Low Expectations (Harris and Harris)  67
• dream, ‘I have a dream’ speech  14
• Dubnow, Simon  54
• Duran, Rabbi Shimon ben Tzemach  217
• Durkheim, Émile  207
• dwelling alone  17–18, 114–15, 116, 117, 119, 127
  • and God  186
  • self-fulfilling prophesy  129, 256

E

• Eastern Europe  53, 58
• Ecclesiastes  198, 219
• economics  175, 249
• edah  36, 164
• education, Jewish  52, 176
• Efron, Noah  203
• egalitarian society  249
• Egypt  30, 77, 79, 137, 171
  • could have offered the Palestinians Gaza  148
  • peace agreement with Israel, 1979  146
  • and wisdom  220
• Egyptian Jews  62
• Egyptians  83
• Eichmann trial  171
• Einstein, Albert  63, 207
• Elazar, Daniel  52–3, 229
• Elazar ben Pedat, Rabbi  199
• Eleazar  32
• electoral system  170
• Eliade, Mircea  234
• Elijah  161, 192–3
• Eliot, George  11–13, 18, 24, 73, 136, 259
• Elokim  214, 215, 216, 217–18, 219
• emancipation, political  127
• empires  78, 85, 107, 137, 138
  • and universalism  81, 133–4
• emunah  18
• endings, stories  237–40
• England
  • Jewish expulsion, 1290  95
  • see also Britain
• Enlightenment  28, 95, 127
  • and Judaism  209
  • and universalism  86, 120–1
• entropy  55
• Essenes  31, 37
• Esther, book of  35
• ethics  121
• Ethics of the Fathers  212
• Ethiopia  62
• ethnicity  60–2, 69, 96, 259
• etrog  66
• Europe
  • 2009 attacks  89
  • antisemitism  94–5, 168
• European anti-Zionism  117
• European emancipation  117
• European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia  98
• European nationalism  127, 143–4
• European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights  98
• Evans, Mary Ann  11–13
  • see also Eliot, George
• Eve  192, 242, 249–50
• evil  95, 99, 251
• evil speech  185
• exile  30–3
• Exit, Voice and Loyalty (Hirschman)  200
• Exodus  132–3
  • 1:17  216
  • 3:14  232
  • 4:22  217
  • 5:1  13–14
  • 5:2  216
  • 17:10–11  140
  • 19:8  163, 164
  • 23:9  83
  • 24:3  163, 164
  • 30:12  67
  • 33:19  233
• exodus from Egypt  171
• extra ecclesiam non est salus  81
• Eybeschutz, Jonathan  188
• Ezekiel  38–9, 152, 153
• Ezra  54, 141

F

• Fackenheim, Emil  17, 59
• factionalism  256
• faith  7, 47–8, 69–70, 252
  • antidote to fear  10
  • emunah  18
  • and freedom  83
  • is courage to take a risk  229
  • and Israel  251
  • as a journey in search of the Promised Land  24
  • need to recover  2–3
• faithfulness  234
• family life  227
• fate  29, 30, 37–8, 42, 47, 245, 248, 249
  • community of  46
  • covenant of  45
  • and the Greeks  242, 244
  • and the Holocaust  48
• fear  10, 184, 256, 261, 263
• Festinger, Leon  66
• festivals, Jewish  65–6, 228, 247
• Fichte, Johann  96
• fidelity  163
• film festivals  52
• Final Solution  127
• financial crisis, 2008  9
• First Crusade  34, 54
• The First Dissent (Safire)  200
• First Temple  30, 54
• Fisch, Harold  234, 240
• Fishbane, Michael  230
• Fleg, Edmund  58
• the Flood  79, 80
• Forward  25
• four kinds  66
• France  27, 58, 89, 94–5
  • and civil society  102
  • and religion  177
• Frankfurt  120
• Frankfurter Journal  122
• Frankl, Viktor  207, 229, 254
• Frederick II, Emperor  105, 187
• Freedman, Samuel  203
• freedom  7, 23, 79, 241–4, 249, 254
  • and covenants  164
  • defend  10
  • and faith  83
  • and Judaism  250, 258–9
  • to serve God  162
  • and Sharansky  2–3
  • and social contract  161
• free market  200
• Frege, Gottlob  97
• French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen  120
• French Jewry  53
• French Revolution  116
• French Revolutionary assembly  95–6
• Freud, Sigmund  55, 63, 189, 207, 229
  • on death instinct  21
  • on human behaviour  242
• friends  252
• friendship  174–5
• Frost, Robert  144
• Frumkin, Rabbi Ayre Leib  131
• fundamentalism  81
• the future  240–1, 243, 244, 250
• The Future of the Jews (Vital)  25–6

G

• Galbraith, J. K.  174
• Gaon, Rav Saadia  34
• Gardner, Howard  229
• Gaza  9, 15, 89, 90
  • Egypt could have offered it to Palestinians  148
  • and Oslo peace process  146
• Genesis  76, 78, 132
  • 2  247
  • 2:18  186
  • 2:19  185
  • 2:23  186
  • 3:4  192
  • 4:8  187
  • 4:12  73
  • 9–12  80
  • 13:8–9  151
  • 18  20
  • 18:17–18  194
  • 32:26  246
  • 39:9  216
  • 41:39  215
  • and relationships  182
  • and two covenants  212
  • and use of Hashem and Elokim  219
  • and wisdom  220
• genocide  101, 113
• German Jews  53, 58
• Germans, and hatred of Jews not Judaism  123
• Germany  83, 85, 94–5
  • and civil society  102
  • and ghettoes  120
  • and Reform Judaism  122
• get  204
• gevurah  148
• ghettoes  95, 120
• Gideon  159
• Gilson, Étienne  232
• Girard, René  72
• global financial crisis, 2008  9
• globalisation  26
• global technologies  101–2
• Gnosticism  229
• God  22, 75, 212, 231
  • and Abraham  9, 76, 193–4, 195, 200, 250
  • of all humanity  252
  • arguing with  183
  • and covenants  80, 162–3, 164
  • and Elijah  192–3
  • everyone in the image of  78, 79, 81–2, 83
  • of everywhere  134
  • and Ezekiel  152, 153
  • and freedom  162, 242, 249
  • and Job  246–7
  • and kings  160
  • and language  185–6
  • loves particulars  84–5
  • and Moses  232, 233–4
  • and non-zero-sum disagreement  198
  • Old and New Testament versions  94
  • and otherness  87
  • promised a land  132–3
  • and Samuel  159
  • sovereign of Israel  135
  • two names  214–18
  • wrestling with  251
  • and Zionists  157
• Gombrich, Ernst  207
• Gordon, A. D.  54, 125
• government, and Judaism  162
• Graetz, Heinrich  189–90
• Granada  104
• Greek culture  224
• Greek historians  236
• Greeks  83, 141, 189, 224
  • and ananke  242
  • and golden age  244
  • on the Jews  92–3
• Greek wisdom  223, 224
• Greenspan, Alan  10
• Grossman, David  170
• Groucho Marx  55
• Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides)  220
• Gulf War, 1991  148–9, 227

H

• Haam, Ahad  65
• Hadrianic persecutions  142
• Hakhel  173
• halakkah  65
• Halevi, Judah  142, 214, 225, 230
• Halivni, David Weiss  191
• Haman  35, 110–11
• Hamas  18, 20, 86, 145, 148
• Hanafite school of Islamic jurisprudence  106
• ha-Nagid, Shmuel  230
• Hanan  32
• Hashem  214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219
• Hasmonean kings  179
• Hassidei Ashkenaz  54, 183
• Hassidic movement  37, 183, 209
• hate/hatred  72, 87, 88, 99, 104, 108, 188, 189, 254
  • and Beck  21
  • of difference  111
  • exists in the mind of the hater not the hated  106
  • inability to accept the other  82
  • of Jews not Judaism  123
• Hatikvah  152
• Hazaz, Hayim  125
• hearing  190, 192, 195
• Hebrew Bible see the Bible
• Hebrew language  54, 181–2
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich  96, 102, 232
• Heidegger, Martin  97, 232
• Heine, Heinrich  56, 208
• Hellenistic writers  92–3
• Herzl, Theodor  1, 92, 125, 143–4, 168
  • met Pope Paul X  71, 73
  • thought of as a messiah  241
• Herzog, President Chaim  158
• Hess, Moses  91, 123, 125, 132, 143
• Hezbollah  18, 20, 86, 145, 148
• hierarchical societies  168
• Hilberg, Raoul  96
• Hillel  31, 196, 197, 198, 200
• Himmelfarb, Milton  67
• Hirsch, Rabbi Samson Raphael  79, 210
• Hirschman, A. O.  199–200, 205
• historians, Greek  236
• history, and Marx  21, 242
• A History of the Jews (Johnson)  8
• The History of the Sages of Jerusalem (Frumkin)  131
• Hitler, Adolf  85, 100, 144
• Hobbes, Thomas  160–1, 179, 260
• Holocaust  1, 9, 28, 47, 73, 101, 127, 128
  • attempt to downgrade by spelling with lower case ‘h’  113
  • comparing Israel’s war in Gaza to  90
  • and Dawidowicz  59–60
  • destroyed European emancipation  117
  • Eichmann trial  171
  • and fate  48
  • funding for teachers and pupils to learn about  110
  • Schindler’s List  78
  • and Schneersohn  19–20
  • survivors turned back from Palestine  144–5
• Holocaust Memorial Day  60
• Holy Land  87–8
• holy wars  258
• Holzberg, Gavriel  19
• Holzberg, Rivkah  19
• The Home We Build Together (Sacks)  101–2
• Hong Kong Chinese  8
• hope  246–8, 250, 259, 260
  • Israel gateway of  153
  • Jewish people a symbol of  10, 13
  • Jews should be the voice of  252, 263
  • needed to defeat terror  20
  • and Obama  15
  • and peace  262
  • and tragedy  245
• Horace  93
• Horseman without a Horse  105
• Hosea, book of  132, 153
• House of Commons, Jews not allowed there until 1858  116
• human condition  80, 81, 87, 111
• human freedom  79
• humanity  83
• human relationships  175
• human rights  78, 100–1
• human sovereignty  78–9
• Hume, David  224
• humour  254–5
• Hungary  53
• Huntington, Samuel  86
• Husseini, Jamal  149

I

• Ibn Ezra, Abraham  183
• Ibn Gabirol, Solomon  230
• ideals  260
• identity  16, 64–5, 102, 187
  • and covenants  163
  • injured  56
  • and outward turn  259
  • religious  69
  • and the state  169
  • and univeralism and particularism  117–18
  • see also Jewish identity
• ‘I have a dream’ speech  14
• Imagined Communities (Anderson)  101
• Imber, Naftali Herz  152
• immigrants  58, 62
• imperialism  81
• India  62, 72
• the individual  201–2
• influence  174–5, 177, 178
• information technology  101–2
• injured identity  55–6, 56
• intellectuals  207, 208, 209
• interests  163
• interfaith cooperation  109–10
• internalisation, antisemitism  106–8
• Internet  101–2, 103
• intifada  15
• inward turn  259
• Iraq  90
• Iraqi Jews  62
• Isaac, Jules  94
• Isaiah  75–6, 121
  • 1:27  172
  • 19:23–5  138
  • 27:10  114
  • 40:4–5  14
• Islam  83, 103–6, 173
  • and antisemitism  72, 73
  • universal monotheism  74
• Islamic continuity  8
• Islamic countries  74
• Islamophobia  109
• isolationism  114–15, 116, 117, 118
• Israel  8, 21, 28–9, 70, 151–2, 255–6
  • accused of racism, apartheid and attempted genocide  113–14
  • and anti-Zionism  97–8
  • attacks on, by neighbours  145–6
  • birth of, failed to dissipate prejudice  127–8
  • and Birthright  54
  • cannot survive alone  18
  • can renew social covenant  179–80
  • and civil society  174, 175–6
  • criticism of  98
  • and deligitimation campaign  15–16, 19
  • difficult journey to  141–5
  • existence close to a miracle  3
  • and faith  251
  • gateway of hope  153
  • and Gaza  9, 89, 90
  • impossible to build an empire  137–8
  • and Jewish attachment to  131–3
  • and Judaism  46–7
  • as kingdom and nation  165
  • and mamlachiut  168–70
  • many no longer believe in the Jewish identity of state  118
  • and monarchy  161–2
  • needs to engage with the world  130
  • only under Jewish rule was it a self-governing nation  85–6
  • and the Palestinians  101, 148–9, 150, 151
  • proclaimed  55
  • recognised by the Vatican in 1993  71
  • and religion  158, 177–8
  • and secular Zionism  126
  • threatened by larger and stronger powers  139–40
  • where Jews are a free, self-governing people  136

J

• Jacob  246
• Jefferson, Thomas  156
• Jeremiah  31, 246
• Jerusalem  141, 142
• Jerusalem (Mendelssohn)  57–8
• Jerusalem Prize  181
• Jethro  179
• Jewish Book Week  52
• Jewish community centres  53
• Jewish continuity  1–2, 8, 51–5, 64, 70, 119
• Jewish Continuity (organisation)  52, 64
• Jewish Contribution to Civilization (Roth)  210
• Jewish cultural centre  52
• Jewish festivals  65–6, 228, 247
• Jewish identity  2, 36, 52, 58, 59–60, 117, 118
  • and divisions within  29
  • fragmented  27–8
  • hidden by intellectuals  208
  • wear it with pride  108
• Jewish question  27
• ‘On the Jewish Question’ (Marx)  123
• Jewish schools  52, 53, 181
• Jewish self-hatred  108
• Jewish socialism  124
• Jewish society  159
• The Jewish State (Herzl)  143–4
• Jewish story  18
• Jews
  • and Aristotle  93
  • choosing not to continue the Jewish story  1–2
  • and civil society  102
  • description of, in the Bible  36
  • and destiny  134–5
  • face formidable problems  8
  • forced to leave Arab states  149
  • and George Eliot  11–13
  • and Germans  123
  • and hope  10, 245, 252, 263
  • and individualism  201–2
  • loss of in Diaspora  16
  • and nation state  116–17
  • need to engage with the world not turn inward  130
  • need to recover a sense of purpose  4
  • need to recover faith  2–3
  • and Nietzsche  21–2
  • only in Israel a free, self-governing people  136
  • and otherness  83
  • people of memory  171
  • survived in exile because they were a society before they were a state  167
  • and the will to live  260
  • wrestling with God  251
• Jews and Power (Wisse)  184
• Jew versus Jew (Freedman)  203
• Jihad  258
• Job, book of  82, 198, 200, 246–7
  • on wisdom  219, 220
• Jocasta  244
• John of Gischala  32
• Johnson, Lyndon Baines  156
• Johnson, Paul  8, 209
• Jonah  74
• Jordan  148, 149
  • peace agreement with Israel, 1994  146
• Joseph  30, 132, 188, 216
  • and Pharoah  82, 215, 220
• Joseph ben Gurion  32
• Josephus  31, 32–3
• Joshua, book of  31, 239
• Judaism  35, 36, 67, 86, 256–7
  • code of a self-governing society  135–6
  • and commonalities and differences  87
  • and conversation  183
  • and dignity of dissent  200
  • and education  176
  • faith in the future tense  252
  • and freedom  258–9
  • and Freud  55
  • and hope  246, 259
  • and injured identity  56
  • and Israel  46–7, 178
  • is the voice of the other  83
  • and liberal democracy  179
  • and limited government  162
  • and listening  191
  • lost many intellectuals  209
  • and messiah  240–1
  • never given rise to an empire or desire for one  106–7
  • new civic  180
  • and Nietzsche  22
  • not for Jews alone  7, 231
  • particularistic monotheism  74
  • protest against empires  85
  • and relationships  182
  • religion of freedom  241, 250
  • religion of future tense  244
  • religion of holy words  185–6
  • renounced  208
  • represents truth as story  237
  • social legislation of  247–8
  • and society  227–8
  • united Jews  37
  • universal and particularistic  212–13, 214
  • voice of Not Yet  249
• Judaism as a Civilisation (Kaplan)  55–6
• Der Judenfrage  27
• Judeo-Arabic  34
• Judeo-Christian ethic  22
• Judeo-Esfahani  34
• Judeo-Marathi  34
• Judeophobia  94, 96
• Judeo-Shirazi  34
• Judeo-Slavic  34
• Judeo-Yazdi  34
• judges  159, 239
• Judges, book of  31
• justice  135, 172, 173, 175, 205
  • and God  194–5

K

• Kafka, Franz  207
• Kalisher, Rabbi Zvi Hirsch  143
• Kant, Immanuel  86, 96, 99
  • on ethics  121
• Kaplan, Mordecai  55–6, 63, 65
• Karaites  37
• Kass, Leon  229
• Katyusha attacks  148
• Kennedy, John F.  258
• Kennedy, Robert F.  182
• Kermode, Frank  237
• Khazars  62
• Kiddush hachayim  253, 255
• Kiddush Hashem  255
• killing by accident  189
• King, Martin Luther  13–15, 18, 24, 259
• kingdom, and Israel  165
• King James Bible  232
• kings  159–60, 161, 179
• Kings, book of  192–3
• Klatzkin, Jacob  125
• Knesset  172
• knowledge  219–24, 226
• koach  148
• Koestler, Arthur  45–6, 56, 62
• Kolleck, Teddy  227
• Kook, Chief Rabbi Abraham HaCohen  161–2, 210
• Korach  196
• kosher restaurants  53
• Kuhn, T. H.  207
• Kurdish Jews  62
• Kuwait  148–9

L

• Laban  82
• Ladino  34, 61
• Laius  244
• Lamentations, book of  114
• land, promise of  132, 237–9
• language  185–6, 187, 204, 213, 243
• laughing  255
• Lavater, Kaspar  56
• law of contradiction  197
• Lebanon  15, 148
• Lebanon War 1982  28–9
• legitimation, hate  99
• Leibowitz, Yeshayahu  179
• Lenin, Vladimir  124
• Lessing, Gotthold  56
• The Letter to Yemen (Maimonides)  241
• Levinas, Emanuel  243
• Levi-Strauss, Claude  207
• Leviticus 99, 219
  • 13:46  114
  • 19:33–4  84
  • 26:36–7  40–1
• Lewis, Bernard  7, 104
• liberal democracy  7–8, 179
• liberalism  249
• Liberal Judaism  27, 65
• liberty  161, 162, 258–9
  • see also freedom
• Libyan Jews  62
• Lichtenstein, Aharon  176, 230
• life
  • choosing  20–1, 22, 23
  • sanctification of  253, 255–6
  • sanctity of  260
• Life is Beautiful  254
• Limmus  52
• Lincoln, Abraham  172
• listening  183–4, 189, 190–1, 193, 204–5
• listening cure  189
• Lithuania  62
• logotherapy  254
• London
  • 7 July 2005 terrorist attacks  102
  • antisemitic attacks, 2009  89
• loneliness  115
• The Lonely Man of Faith (Soloveitchik)  17, 115
• Los Angeles  90
• losing battle  261–2, 263
• Lost Ten Tribes  31, 51
• Lot  151
• love  174–5, 246–7, 254
  • and difference  83
  • and God  87, 135
  • the stranger  85, 87
• love your neighbour  99
• loving-kindness  135, 175
• loyalty  163, 200, 205
• Lubavitch Hassidim  19
• lulav  66
• Luther, Martin  95
• Luxemburg, Rosa  124

M

• MacIntyre, Alasdair  203
• Mahler, Gustav  207
• Maimon, Judah Leib  157
• Maimonides, Moses  34, 47, 188, 227, 228, 230, 240
  • on chokhmah  220
  • influenced by Islamic thought  106
  • on kings  160
  • on messiahs  150, 241
  • Mipi hashemua  190
  • on the sage  229
  • on science  223
  • thirteen principles  65, 217
  • on truth  221
  • went to Israel in 1165  142
• Maine, France  95
• Maine, Sir Henry Summer  21
• mamlachiut  169–70, 174
• Manetho  93
• the market  174, 200
• Marr, Andrew  11, 60, 61–2, 237
• Marr, Wilhelm  96
• marranos  208–9
• marriage  1–2, 16, 50, 53, 58
• martyrdom  255
• Marx, Karl  63, 123–4, 207
  • on history  21, 242
  • and messianic idea  241
• mashber  55
• Maslow, Abraham  229
• The Matzo of Zion (Tlas)  105
• Mayflower Compact, 1620  155
• May Laws, 1882  27, 131
• McWorld  258
• media  101, 103, 256
• medicine  248, 249
• Medina massacre  104
• Meir, Golda  146
• Melchizedek, king of Shalem  81
• memory  171
• Mendelssohn, Moses  56–8
• Menocal, Maria Rosa  106
• Merneptah stele  49
• Mesha stele  49–50
• Mesopotamia  77
• messiah  240–1
• messianic age  150
• messianic universalism  121–6
• Micah  78, 137
• Middle East  61, 106
  • see also Israel
• Midrash  54, 183
• Mikraot Gedolot  183
• Milton John  229
• minorities  252
• Mipi hashemua  190
• Mishnah  32, 54
• Misinai, Tsvi  62
• The Missing Peace (Ross)  147
• Mitnagdim  37
• mitzvah  64, 223
• Moab  49–50
• moderates  31, 32
• ‘The Modern Hep! Hep! Hep!’ (Eliot)  12–13
• modern orthodoxy  2
• moira  244
• monarchy  159–60, 161–2, 179, 239
• moral solipsism  184
• Mordecai  37–8
• Morganbesser, Sidney  56
• Moscow  53
• Moses  41–2, 75, 82, 127, 236, 238, 250
  • on choosing life  20
  • and covenants  162–3, 164
  • and God  232, 233–4
  • on Israel  139
  • on Jewish population  68
  • journey from Egypt  77, 137
  • journey to Israel  141
  • on kings  160
  • and Korach  196
  • on listening  190–1
  • and Martin Luther King  14
  • may not enter the Promised Land  239
  • and spies  115
  • and the stick  5–6
  • summoned to lead Isralites to the Promised Land  132–3
  • univeralist and particularist  118
  • on wisdom  220
• Moses and Monotheism (Freud)  55
• multiculturalism  86, 102
• Mumbai terror attacks  19
• murder  20, 82, 188–9
• music festivals  52
• Muslim Brotherhood  148
• Muslims  8, 83, 88, 103–6
• Mussar movement  183
• myrtle leaves  66
• mystics  37
• mythical time  234–5
• myths, anti-Jewish  93

N

• Nachmanides  136, 142, 183
• Napoleon  143
• Nasser, Abdul  145, 146
• Nathan the Wise (Lessing)  56
• nation  35–6, 44, 165
  • and religion  37, 38
• national culture  168–9
• national identity  102
• nationalism  5, 127, 143–4, 257
• National Jewish Population Survey, 1990  50
• national narrative  171–3
• nationhood, Jewish  47–8
• nation state  26–7, 101, 102, 116–17
  • and antisemitism  168
• nature  22, 23
• Nazis  255
• Nehemiah  54, 141
• neo-Darwinians  242
• new media  256
• newspaper  101
• New Testament  73, 94, 99
• Newton, Isaac  225–6
• New Year festival  247
• New York  90
• New York Times  172
• NGOs  114, 126
• Nietzsche, Friedrich  21–2, 97, 234, 257
• Nissenbaum, Yitzhak  255
• Noah  80, 85, 212, 213, 217
• Nobel Prize  207
• nomocracy  135
• non-orthodox Jews  259
• non-zero-sum disagreement  198
• non-zero-sum games  175
• North Africa  61
• North European Jewry  34
• Numbers
  • 16:41  196
  • 23:9  17

O

• Obama, Barack  15, 155, 156–7, 172
• obedience  191
• O’Connell, Daniel  133
• Oedipus  244
• Old Testament  94
  • see also the Bible
• One People? (Sacks)  29
• Ong, Walter J.  101
• Oral Law  205
• organic societies  168
• Organisation of the Islamic Conference  151
• The Origins of Totalitarianism (Arendt)  110
• The Ornament of the World (Menocal)  106
• orthodoxy  29, 66, 259
  • modern  2
  • segregationist  119, 129–30
• Orwell, George  257
• Oslo peace process  18, 146–7, 148, 171
• the other  88, 99, 111, 258
• otherness  82–3, 87, 185–203
• Ottoman Empire  74
• outmarriage  1–2, 16, 58, 118, 256
  • American-Jewish  50–1, 53
• the outsider  86, 99
• outward turn  259
• Oz, Amos  97, 181

P

• Paine, Thomas  15, 165–6, 167
• pains  184
• Palestine  144, 145
• Palestinian cause  114
• Palestinians  62, 101, 126, 147, 148–50, 151
• palm branch  66
• Paris  89
• the particular  80, 257
• particularism  117–18, 134, 209, 212–14
  • and Judaism  226
  • and use of Hashem  217
• particularistic monotheism  74
• particularists  117, 128, 259
• particularity  76, 84, 258
• partition  145, 146
• Passover/Pesach  30, 65–6, 247, 259
• patriotism  257
• Paul X, Pope  71, 73
• peace  87–8, 150, 151, 179, 262
• peace process, Middle East  15, 18, 146–8
• Peel Commission  146
• Pentateuch  44
• Pentecost  65–6, 247
• peoplehood  25, 29, 38
• Peres, Shimon  147, 150
• persecution  74
• Petach Tikva  132
• Phalangists  148
• Pharisees  31, 37
• Pharoah  82, 215, 220, 238
• Philo  135
• philosophy  237
• Pinsker, Judah Leib  91, 143
• ‘Pittsburgh Platform’  123
• Pizarro  134
• Plato  79–80, 212, 224
  • on time  234
• PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organisation)  126, 145
• Plumb, J. H.  234, 236
• pogroms  27, 95, 124, 131
• Poland  34, 53, 62
• Polish dress  61
• political culture  158
• political society  166
• politics
  • arena of competition  175
  • and the Bible  167
  • and conformity  202
  • and covenants  163–4
  • and religion  177
  • and voice  200
• popes  71, 73, 105
• Popper, Karl  207
• population, Jews  67
• Portugal  61
• Portuguese Jews  34, 58, 142
• postmodernism  196, 207
• post-Zionism  171
• poverty  249, 262–3
• power  162, 175, 177, 178, 257, 258
  • and contracts  163
  • and the state  174
• predictability  234
• presidential inaugurals, American  173
• private affluence  174
• Promise and Fulfilment (Koestler)  45–6
• Promised Land  24, 132–3, 239
• prophets  158, 162, 167, 236
  • and agents of hope  246
  • and arguments  183
• proportional representation  170
• The Protocols of the Elders of Zion  99, 104, 105–6, 110, 128
• Proust, Marcel  207
• Proverbs, book of  219, 220
• Psalms
  • 23  2
  • 104:24  220
  • 122:5  172–3
  • 137:5–6  141
  • 146  175–6
  • 147:19–20  221
• pseudo-sciences  100
• psychotherapy  254
• public poverty  174
• Puritans  155–6, 249
• purpose, sense of  4, 16

Q

• al-Qaeda  20, 86

R

• rabbinical seminary  53
• rabbinic Judaism  37
• rabbinic literature  183
• Rabin, Yitzhak  147–8
• race  96, 100
• racial antisemitism  96, 100, 102, 107
• racism  113, 126, 146
• rain  139
• rainbow  79
• Raphael, Frederic  56
• Rashbam  183
• Rashi  34, 183, 220
• rationalists  37
• Reaganomics  174
• Real Jews (Efron)  203
• rebellions  141–2, 202
• Reconstructionist Judaism  27, 65
• redemption  226
• Rees-Mogg, William  208
• Reform Judaism  27, 29, 122–3
• Rehoboam  31
• relationships
  • and covenantal goods  175
  • and covenants  163
  • and Judaism  182
  • and language  187
• religion  36, 37, 117
  • and antisemitism  99
  • divisive force within Israel  158
  • and nationhood  38, 48
  • and schools  181
  • and the state  176–8
• religious identity  65, 69
• religious Jews  261
• see also orthodoxy
• religious laws  34–5
• religious political parties  178
• religious Zionism  2, 259
• The Republic (Plato)  79–80
• Resh Lakish, Rabbi  198–9, 200
• respect  86, 176
• responsibility  40–5, 65, 180
• restaurants  53
• revelation  217, 218, 221, 226, 228
• revolutionaries  248
• righteousness  135, 175
• risk  228–9
• ritual laws  248
• Romans  32, 43, 62, 83
• Rome  141, 225
• Rome and Jerusalem (Hess)  123, 132, 143
• Rosenzweig, Franz  184, 217
• Ross, Dennis  147
• Roth, Cecil  210
• Rothschild, Dorothy de  172, 173
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques  35, 102
• Rubinstein, Amnon  125
• rule the world  106–7
• Russia  27, 62, 108, 124–5, 131
• Russian communism  117
• Russian music  61
• Russian working classes  124
• Ruth  36

S

• ‘Sabbath of Consolation’  14
• Sachs, Jeffrey  230
• Sacks, Louis David  68–9, 91
• sacrifice  67
• Sadducees  31, 37
• Safed  54, 142
• Safire, William  200
• Salanter, Rabbi Israel  183
• Samuel  161, 162, 165
  • 8:5, 20  179
  • 8:11–18  159–60
• sanctification of life  253, 255–6
• sanctity of life  79, 260
• Sandel, Michael  229
• Sanhredin  78
• sanity  254–5
• Sarah  23, 75, 80, 215, 237
• Sartre, Jean-Paul  58–9
• satellite television  101, 103
• Saul, King  160
• Scandinavia  50–1
• Schaar, John  172
• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph  232
• Schindler’s List  78
• Schmitt, Carl  21
• Schneersohn, Rabbi Menachem Mendel  19–20, 228–9, 241
• Schoenberg, Arnold  207
• schools  60, 109–10, 178, 181
  • Jewish day  52, 53
• Schopenhauer, Arthur  97
• Schumpeter, Joseph  258
• science  99–100, 222–3, 225, 228, 249
  • is universal  121
  • truth as system  237
• scientism  228
• Second Temple  39, 43, 54
• secular Jewish schools  181
• secular Jews  259
• secular nationalism  5
• secular nationality  45
• secular society  120
• secular Zionism  117, 125–6
• seeing  190, 192
• segregation  118
• segregationist orthodoxy  119, 129–30
• self-fulfilling prophesy  115–16, 129, 256
• self-hatred, Jewish  108
• Seligman, Martin  229
• Seneca  93
• Sephardi Jews  61, 169–70
• Sephardim  37
• ‘The Sermon’ (Hazaz)  125
• Shabbetai Zvi  37, 120, 241
• Shaftesbury, Lord  73, 138
• Shammai  31, 196, 197, 200
• Sharansky, Natan  2–3, 10
• sharing  175
• Shas party  170
• Al-Shatat  105
• Shavuot  65–6, 247
• shelilat hagolah  126
• Shema  64
• Shimon bar Yohai, Rabbi  39–40, 44–5
• Shoa  28, 253
• Shoa u-Gevurah  171
• sicarii  31–2
• Sifra  41
• sight, metaphor of  190, 192
• silence  188, 189
• Simon, Paul  16
• Simon bar Giora  32
• Simon ben Gamliel  32
• Sinai, Mount  162–3
• Six Day War  145, 146
• slavery  30, 249
• slaves  6, 30
• social cohesion  202
• social contract  160–1, 162, 165, 167, 179
• social covenant  165, 167, 179, 180
• social Darwinism  100
• socialism  124
• social virtues  135
• societal beatitude  176
• society  159, 165–7, 170, 227
  • and covenant  168
  • and Judaism  178
• Socrates dialogues  184
• solipsism  184
• solitude  17–18, 186, 247
• Solomon, King  31
• Soloveitchik, Rabbi Joseph  17, 37, 38, 115, 210
• South Africa  53
• South African Jews  62
• sovereignty  78–9, 161–2, 180
• Spain  54, 61, 74, 95
• Spanish Jews  34, 58, 95, 142
• speaking cure  189
• speech  189
• spies, sent by Moses  115, 228–9, 238
• Spinoza, Baruch  63, 119, 121, 208–9
  • on Israel  133
  • thought all events determined by natural necessity  242
• spirit, people of  38
• spiritual crisis  18, 19
• Stalin, Joseph  124–5
• Stalinist purges  128
• the state  169–70, 174, 178, 179
  • and society  165–7
  • and Zionism  168, 180
• state-religious schools  178
• state-secular schools  178
• statism  169–70
• Steiner, George  28
• ‘Sticker Song’  170
• the stranger  82, 85, 86, 176
  • and love  83–4, 87
  • welcoming  20
• strength  68, 148
• stress  227
• students  109
• suffering  29, 40
• suicide bombings  15, 18, 148
• sukkah  66
• Succot  65–6, 247
• supersessionist theories  73
• Supreme Court, Israel  172–3
• Sur le Question Juif (Sartre)  58–9
• survivors  54, 144–5, 253–5
• synagogues  39, 53, 142, 171
  • attacks on  89
• Syrians  148

T

• Tabernacles  65–6, 247
• tact  181, 182, 204
• Taglit-Birthright  54
• Talmon, J. L.  120
• Talmud  54, 115, 183
• Taoist continuity  8
• Targum  185
• technology  249
• television  101, 103, 253
• Temanim  62
• Temple, Hamburg  122
• Temple, Jerusalem, destruction of  30, 54, 141
• terror  18, 19, 20, 148
• terrorism  102, 145–6
• terrorist groups  15
• Thatcherism  174
• The Theme of the Pentateuch (Clines)  237
• theocracy  135
• theology  184
• Theophrastus  93
• Third Reich  85
• thirteen principles  65, 217
• Thomas of Monmouth  104
• ‘Three Nos’  146
• tikkun  19, 66
• tikkun olam  257
• Tillich, Paul  253
• time  234–5, 243, 249
• Titus  32
• Tlas, Mustapha  105
• Tocqueville, Alexis de  166–7, 176–7
• tolerance  103, 104, 254
• Torah
  • and chokhmah  219, 221, 228, 229, 230
  • commands us to ‘love the stranger’  83–4
  • on listening  191
  • the universal to the particular  80, 211–12, 226
• Tosafists  34, 183
• totalitarianism  77, 79, 81
• Toulouse  89
• tradition  203
• tragedy  244–6, 247, 249
• transactions costs  163
• transformation  236
• transubstantiation  106
• tribalism  82, 85, 86
• Trieste  58
• Trotsky, Leon  124
• Troutbeck, Sir John  149
• Trumpeldor, Joseph  171
• truth  197, 198, 199, 237
  • and argument  196
  • and chokhmah and Torah  221
• Turkic people  62
• ‘Two Concepts of Liberty’ (Berlin)  258
• the two state solution  88, 146
• tzedakah  252, 257
• tzitzit  248

U

• Ukraine  142
• ultra-zealots  32
• Umayyads  106
• uncertainty  10
• understatement  182, 204
• Union of Jewish Students  109
• the unique  86–7
• United Nations
  • resolution equating Zionism with racism  113, 126, 146
  • vote for partition in 1947  145, 146
• United Nations Conference against Racism, 2001  100–1, 113
• United States
  • and civil society  173
  • has Judaic political culture  158
  • and Jewish unity  29
  • and national narrative  171–2
  • and religion  176–7
  • see also America
• the universal  80, 257
• universalism  76, 82, 86–7, 117–18, 213, 258
  • and empires  81, 133–4
  • and the Enlightenment  120–1, 209
  • and Judaism  212, 214, 226
  • messianic  121–6
  • and use of Elokim  217
• universalists  117, 128, 259
• universality  80, 211, 252
• universal monotheism  74
• universities, and Jewish students  210–11
• utopians  248

V

• Vatican  71
• Veblen, Thorstein  208
• Venezuela  89
• Vespasian  32
• victimhood  3
• victims  3, 4, 29
• victory  196
• Vienna  58
• Vilna Gaon  142
• violence  188, 189, 205
• Viorst, Milton  203
• virtues  135, 229
• virus  92–8
• vision, need for  4
• visual arts  189
• Vital, David  25–6, 29
• Voegelin, Eric  234
• voice  200, 203–4, 205
• Volozhyn yeshiva  209–10
• Voltaire  207
• voluntary self-help  174
• the vulnerable  259

W

• Walzer, Michael  229
• Wannsee Conference  127
• wars, against Israel  145, 146
• Warsaw ghetto uprising  126, 255
• Washington  90
• water supply  139
• wealth  174, 175
• Weitzman, Chaim  172
• West, Rebecca  90
• What Shall I Do with This People (Viorst)  203
• Whitehead, Alfred North  212
• Why I am a Jew (Fleg)  58
• Wiesel, Elie  11
• willow leaves  66
• will to life  22, 257, 258, 259, 260
• will to power  21, 22, 257, 259, 260
• Will We Have Jewish Grandchildren? (Sacks)  51
• Winston, Robert  229
• Winthrop, John  155–6
• wisdom  219–20, 226–7, 228, 230, 261
• Wisse, Ruth  63–4, 65, 91, 184
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig  2, 207
• Wordsworth, William  120
• working classes  124
• the world, understanding of  228

X

• xenophobia  93

Y

• Yeats, Y. B.  258
• Yemen  62
• Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim  171, 234
• Yerushalmi Talmud  183
• yeshiva  118, 209, 210–11
• Yevanic  34
• Yiddish  34
• Yiddish literature  63
• Yochanan, Rabbi  198–9, 200
• Yom Kippur  66, 228
• Yom Kippur War  145
• Yovel, Yirmiyahu  208

Z

• zealots  31–2
• Zechariah  76, 121, 140
• zero-sum games  151, 175
• Ziedan, Dr Youssef  106
• Zionism  124, 158–9, 177, 180
  • and Balfour Declaration  144
  • history of  168
  • and racism  113, 126, 146
  • religious  2, 259
  • secular  117, 125–6
• Zionist plots  97
• Zionists  143, 157–8, 177
• Zipporah  82
• Zornberg, Aviva  230
• Zunz, Leopold  54