Coming up to Shavuot, let us look at one tiny detail of the Rabbinical understanding of Z’man Matan Torateinu, the actual event of the giving of the Torah at Mount Sinai. One little detail which, as it were, was lying there in the tradition and only in much more recent times has it had significant impact. This is an interesting dimension of the understanding of the event, and also one that explains something very important that’s happened to Judaism in the past century. Before God could reveal the Torah to Israel at Mt. Sinai, Moshe had to propose the covenant to the Israelites, and only after their acceptance could Matan Torah proceed.
The end of the third verse contains a tautology, or double language. Why is the same idea repeated twice, in different words? Rabbinic tradition examines this repetition:
ג׳-ו׳ ומֹשֶ֥ה עָלָ֖ה אֶל־הָאֱלקים וַיִקר֨א אֵלָ֤יו ה” מִן־הָהָ֣ר לֵאמֹ֔ר כֹ֤ה תֹאמַר֙ לְבֵ֣ית יַעֲק֔ב וְתַגֵ֖יד לִבְנֵ֥י יִשְראֵֽל׃ אַתֶ֣ם ראִיתֶ֔ם אֲשֶ֥ר עָשִ֖יתִי לְמִצְר֑יִם וָאֶשָ֤א אֶתְכֶם֙ עַל־כַנְפֵ֣י נְשָר֔ים וָאָבִ֥א אֶתְכֶ֖ם אֵלָֽי׃ וְעַתָ֗ה אִם־שָמ֤ועַ תִשְמְעו֙ בְקלִ֔י ושְמַרתֶ֖ם אֶת־בְריתִ֑י וִהְיִ֨יתֶם לִ֤י סְגֻלָה֙ מִכָל־הָ֣עַמִ֔ים כִי־לִ֖י כָל־הָאָֽרץ׃ וְאַתֶ֧ם תִהְיו־לִ֛י מַמְלֶ֥כֶת כֹהֲנִ֖ים וְג֣וי קד֑וש אֵ֚לֶה הַדְבָר֔ים אֲשֶ֥ר תְדבֵ֖ר אֶל־בְנֵ֥י יִשְראֵֽל׃
שמות י״ט
And Moses went up to God. The Lord called to him from the mountain, saying, “Thus shall you say to the house of Jacob and declare to the children of Israel: ‘You have seen what I did to the Egyptians, how I bore you on eagles’ wings and brought you to Me. Now then, if you will obey Me faithfully and keep My covenant, you shall be My treasured possession among all the peoples. Indeed, all the earth is Mine, but you shall be to Me a kingdom of Priests and a holy nation.’ These are the words that you shall speak to the Children of Israel.”
Exodus 19:3-6
ג׳:א׳ כה תאמר לבית יעקב, אלו הנשים; ותגד לבני ישראל, אלו האנשים. [ד"א כה תאמר לבית יעקב, בזכות יעקב; ותגד לבני ישראל, בזכות ישראל] ד"א כה תאמר לבית יעקב, אמור בלשון רכה, אמור ראשי דברים לנשים; ותגד לבני ישראל, ותדקדק עמהם ואמור להם
מכילתא דרבי ישמעאל י״ט
"Thus shall you say to the house of Jacob" — the women, "and speak to the children of Israel" — the men. "Thus shall you say to the house of Jacob" — "gently"; "say" — Give the women the basic ideas. "...and speak to the children of Israel" - "speak" in detail to the men.
Mechilta d'Rabbi Yishmael 19:3:1
This early Midrash, which comes from the same time as the Mishnah, claims that God told Moses to first give the Torah to the women, before giving it to the men. But why do the Rabbis say this? They didn't have to make this argument. Another Midrashic tradition explains:
ב׳ דָבָר אַחֵר, לָמָה לַנָשִים תְחִלָה, שֶהֵן מִזְדָרזות בְמִצְוות. דָבָר אַחֵר, כְדי שֶיְהו מַנְהִיגות אֶת בְנֵיהֶן לַתורה. אָמַר רבִי תַחְלִיפָא דְקיסָרין, אָמַר הַקָדוש בָרוְ הוא כְשֶבָראתִי אֶת הָעולָם, לא צִוִיתִי אֶלָא לְאָדם הָראשון, וְאַחַר כְָ נִצְטַוֵית חַוָה וְעָבְרה וְקלְקלָה אֶת הָעולָם, עַכְשָיו אִם אֵינִי קורא לַנָשִים תְחִלָה, הֵן מְבַטְלות אֶת הַתורה, לְכְָ נֶאֱמַר: כֹה תֹאמַר לְבֵית יַעֲקב
שמות רבה כ״ח
Another explanation: why were the women first? Since they are keen with mitzvot. Another explanation, so that they could accustom their children to Torah. Rabbi Tachlifa Dekeisarin ["kingmaker"?] said, the Holy Blessed One said 'When I created the world, I commanded only the First Man; and after that Chava was commanded, and she transgressed and corrupted the world. Now, if I do not call to the women first, they will nullify the Torah.' So it says, "So say to the House of Jacob".
Shemot Rabbah 28:2
There are three ideas presented: The first is that women are generally more punctilious about mitzvot. Alternatively, perhaps it is because women are enablers, and will bring their children to study Torah. Finally, a third opinion explains that the first commandment ever was given to a man, and it was a woman who transgressed. This time, God gives the mitzvot to women first, to ensure that they are on board. While these three opinions differ greatly on reasoning, there is no doubt presented in this Midrashic tradition about the fact that women received the Torah first. Yet the legal tradition does not pick up on this Midrash.
י״ג אִשָּה שֶלָמְדה תורה יֵש לָה שָכָר אֲבָל אֵינו כִשְכַר הָאִיש. מִפְנֵי שֶלא נִצְטַוֵית. וְכָל הָעושֶה דָבָר שֶאֵינו (יג) מְצֻוֶה עָלָיו לַעֲשותו אֵין שְכָרו כִשְכַר הַמְצֻוֶה שֶעָשָה אֶלָא פָחות מִמֶנו. וְאַף עַל פִי שֶיֵש לָה שָכָר צִוו חֲכָמִים שֶלא יְלַמֵד אָדם אֶת בִתו תורה. מִפְנֵי שֶרב הַנָשִים אֵין דַעְתָם מְכֻוֶנֶת לְהִתְלַמֵד אֶלָא הֵן מוצִיאות דִבְרי תורה לְדבְרי הֲבַאי לְפִי עֲנִיות דַעְתָן. אָמְרו חֲכָמִים כָל הַמְלַמֵד אֶת בִתו תורה כְאִלו לִמְדה תִפְלות. בַמֶה דְבָרים אֲמורים בְתורה שֶבְעַל פֶה אֲבָל תורה שֶבִכְתָב לא יְלַמֵד אותָה לְכַתְחִלָה וְאִם לִמְדה אֵינו כִמְלַמְדה תִפְלות
משנה תורה, הלכות תלמוד תורה א׳
A woman who studied the Torah has a reward coming to her but it is incomparable to the reward of a man because she was not commanded to do so, and whosoever does something which is not mandatory upon him to perform receives not a hire equal to the hire of him who is commanded to perform it but less than he. And, although she has a reward coming the Sages commanded that a man shall not instruct his daughter in the Torah, because most women have no set mind to be instructed therein, but, on the contrary, are apt to divert matters of the Torah to nonsensical matters, of course, in proportion to the inferiority of their mind.
Mishneh Torah, Torah Study 1:13
The Sages said: "Whosoever instructs his daughter in Torah does no better than if he instructed her in matters of profanity." (Sotah, 21b). These matters are thus spoken of only concerning the Oral Torah, but respecting Holy Writ it is best not to begin to instruct her therein but if he did instruct her it is not as if he instruct her in profanity.
Avodah Zarah, 3b; Kiddushin, 31a.
For the better part of 2,000 years, women were not given the same Torah education as men. This was how Torah-learning-Judaism functioned practically speaking until 1917. Then, in 1917, Sarah Schenirer founded the first Bais Yaakov school for women, and she named it after this verse that we have been examining. Since then, women have risen in the ranks of Torah scholars. The Belzer Rebbe, a great Chasidic leader, and the Chofetz Chaim, the major Torah scholar of his generation, both blessed this endeavour. After World War II, in America, Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik and the Lubavitcher rebbe promoted the role of women as students of Torah and teachers of Torah.
This was truly a revolution. From this revolution came thousands of new Torah teachers and hundreds of thousands of new Torah learners. And this revolution happened in part through permission granted by the Gedolei Hador, the greatest Rabbis of the generation, because they had the support and groundwork of the Midrashic tradition.
What did these Rabbis see to make them overturn generations of tradition that excluded women? The answer is: This Midrash, which was an under-utilised force until this revolution took place.
But why is this Midrash so insistent on the idea that women were offered the Torah before the men? What is special about the women's voice in Torah? Compare these two places in Tanach where Torah is discussed in conjunction with an abstract ethical term. The first is from the book of Malachi, the last of the Prophets:
תור֤ת אֱמֶת֙ הָיְתָ֣ה בְפִ֔יהו וְעַוְלָ֖ה לא־נִמְצָ֣א בִשְפָתָ֑יו בְשָל֤ום ובְמִישור֙ הָלְַ֣ אִתִ֔י וְרבִ֖ים הֵשִ֥יב מֵעָן׃
מלאכי ב׳:ו
Proper rulings were in his mouth, And nothing perverse was on his lips; He served Me with complete loyalty And held the many back from iniquity. This verse speaks of men, but the second source, from the book of Proverbs, is about women:
כ״ו פִ֭יהָ פָתְחָ֣ה בְחָכְמָ֑ה וְתֽורת־חֶ֝֗סֶד עַל־לְשונָֽה׃
משלי ל״א
Her mouth is full of wisdom, Her tongue with kindly teaching. If male-centric Torah is of "Emet" and female-centric torah is of "Chessed" now consider in the Torah what happens when those two values appear next to one another:
Proverbs 31:26
וַיֹ֗אמֶר בָר֤וְ ה” אֱלקי֙ ה” אַבְרהָ֔ם אֲ֠שֶר לֽא־עָזַ֥ב חַסְד֛ו וַאֲמִת֖ו מֵעִ֣ם ה” אָנֹכִ֗י בַדֶ֙רְ֙ נָחַ֣נִי ה” בֵ֖ית אֲחֵ֥י אֲדנִֽי׃
כ״ז בראשית כ״ד
And he said, “Blessed be the Lord, the God of my master Abraham, who has not withheld His steadfast faithfulness from my master. For I have been guided on my errand by the Lord, to the house of my master’s kinsmen.”
Genesis 24:27
In the verse above, Abraham's servant is praying that he find an appropriate wife for his master's son, and praises God for God's "chessed" and "emet" - kindness, and then truth.
קטֹ֜נְתִי מִכֹ֤ל הַחֲסָדים֙ ומִכָל־הָ֣אֱמֶ֔ת אֲשֶ֥ר עָשִ֖יתָ אֶת־עַבְדֶָ֑ כִ֣י בְמַקלִ֗י עָבַ֙רתִי֙ אֶת־הַיַרדֵ֣ן הַזֶ֔ה וְעַתָ֥ה הָיִ֖יתִי לִשְנֵ֥י מַחֲנֽות׃
י״א בראשית ל״ב
I am unworthy of all the kindness that You have so steadfastly shown Your servant: with my staff alone I crossed this Jordan, and now I have become two camps. When Jacob is about to encounter his brother Esau, and prays for God's assistance, he says that he is unworthy of both the chessed, kindness, and the emet, the truth or steadfastness, that God has shown.
Genesis 32:11
ו׳ וַיַעֲבֹ֨ר ה” עַל־פָנָיו֮ וַיִקרא֒ ה” ה” קל רח֖ום וְחַנ֑ון אֶ֥רְ אַפַ֖יִם וְרב־חֶ֥סֶד וֶאֱמֶֽת
שמות ל״ד
The Lord passed before him and proclaimed: “The Lord! the Lord! A God compassionate and gracious, slow to anger, abounding in kindness and faithfulness."
Exodus 34:6
Finally, in this speech, known as the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy, which God shares with Moses, kindness is mentioned first, followed by "truth" or “faithfulness." In Torah, it seems "Chessed" always comes before, and takes precedence over "Emet." This is why women's Torah must come first. All along it seems there should have been more than the Torah of Emet. Only now it seems are we able to learn Torah as it should have been all along, as expressed in these verses that tell us that at Mt. Sinai, God chose to give the Torah to the women first, before the men.
Chag Shavuot Sameach
